Light Absorption of Organic Colorants: Theoretical Treatment and Empirical RulesAlthough studies on synthetic dyes have been performed for more than 100 years, their detailed elucidation requires further extensive research. The discovery of novel high polymers, the necessity of supplying a whole range of shades and increasing require ments for dyestuffs of high fastness properties give rise to a permanent search for new dyes. Extensive investigations on dyes were also occasioned by various applications in the field of spectral sensitization and of staining of biological specimens. Another more recent development concerns the lasing properties of some organic dyes. Most of the progress, however, was only achieved by time-consuming, purely empirical approaches and theoretical understanding of the dye properties is only at its very beginnings. The color is the sine qua non of every dye. For this reason organic chemists and color chemists have looked for relations between the "color and constitution" of dye molecules for a long time. This knowlege as a whole is known as "theory of color". The classic theory of color was established abou t 100 years ago by Witt and was signi ficantly extended 50 years later by W. Konig. |
Contents
| 1 | |
| 9 | |
Classification of Organic Colorants | 20 |
3 | 33 |
24 | 40 |
30 | 46 |
Medium Effects | 74 |
Carboximide Nitro and Quinacridone Dyes | 80 |
Diphenylmethane Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes | 137 |
Unsubstituted Monoaryl Diaryl and Triarylmethane Dyes and Vinylogues | 138 |
Substituted Arylmethane Dyes and Heterocyclic Analogous | 143 |
Heteroanalogous Arylmethane Dyes and HeteroatomBridged Derivatives | 155 |
Medium Effects | 159 |
Polymethine Dyes | 162 |
Symmetrical Polymethine Dyes | 167 |
Unsymmetrical Polymethine Dyes | 178 |
Quinoid Dyes | 89 |
Weak LongWavelength Absorptions | 90 |
Benzoquinones and Derivatives | 92 |
Annelated paraBenzoquinones and Derivatives | 100 |
Higher Annelated Quinones | 110 |
Medium Effects | 112 |
Indigoid Dyes | 115 |
Indigo and Derivatives | 123 |
Indigolike Compounds | 128 |
Medium Effects | 133 |
Dyes with Substituted Bridged and Coupled Chains | 183 |
Branches Polymethine Dyes | 190 |
Medium Effect | 192 |
Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines | 198 |
Conjugated Betaine Dyes | 205 |
Multiple Chromophore Dyes | 212 |
References | 215 |
| 241 | |
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Light Absorption of Organic Colorants: Theoretical Treatment and Empirical Rules Jürgen Fabian,H. Hartmann No preview available - 2012 |
Common terms and phrases
absorb absorption band absorption wavelengths acceptor substituents acid Acta Amax in nm Amer anions anthraquinone atoms azo compounds azo dyes azobenzene bathochromic shift benzene blue shift cations Chem Chim chloroform chromophore chromophoric system color band conjugated CT configuration cyanine Dähne derivatives donor substituents electronic excitation electronic transitions ethanol expansion coefficients experimental fragments frontier orbitals gives rise heteroatomic heterocyclic HOMO hypsochromic shift indigo intensity interaction Khim long-wavelength absorption longer wavelengths Longest-wavelength absorption maxima lowest-energy LUMO Me₂N merocyanines methine MO's molecular nitrogen nm lg NMe2 observed para-benzoquinone parent compound phenyl Phys polar polyenes polymethine chain polymethine dyes position PPP calculations PPP-CA protonation quinoid quinones R₁ red shift resp results of PPP ring shorter wavelengths solvatochromism spectral data spectral effect spectral shifts stilbene structure subchromophores substituent effect substituents symmetrical Table tautomer theoretical tion transition energies triphenylmethane wave functions wavelengths Whereas y band