An Introduction to NeuroendocrinologyNeuroendocrinology is a multidisciplinary subject on the interaction between the brain and endocrine system and the influence of this interaction on the behavior of animals and humans. This book is designed as an introductory text in neuroendocrinology. It outlines the basics of endocrinology, including the endocrine glands, the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, and their interactions. It also describes the action of neurotransmitters in the nervous system, the action of neuropeptides as chemical messengers, and the interaction among hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides. It also introduces the important new field of neuro-endocrine-immunology and contains a chapter on behavioral neuroendocrinology. The level of presentation is suitable for undergraduates who have completed introductory biology or psychology classes, and each chapter contains review questions based on material in that chapter and essay questions for further in-depth study. |
Contents
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL MESSENGERS | 1 |
12 THE BODYS THREE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS | 3 |
13 METHODS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS | 5 |
14 TYPES OF CHEMICAL MESSENGER | 6 |
NEUROMODULATORS AND NEUROPEPTIDES | 13 |
16 SUMMARY | 15 |
THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES | 19 |
22 THE HORMONES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS | 20 |
93 HOW ARE STEROID HORMONE TARGET CELLS DIFFERENTIATED FROM NONTARGET CELLS? | 149 |
94 ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES AT THEIR RECEPTORS | 151 |
95 MEASUREMENT AND REGULATION OF HORMONE RECEPTOR NUMBERS | 152 |
96 GONADAL STEROID HORMONE TARGET CELLS IN THE BRAIN | 154 |
97 ADRENAL STEROID HORMONE TARGET CELLS IN THE BRAIN | 161 |
98 GENOMIC AND NONGENOMIC ACTIONS OF STEROID HORMONES AT NERVE CELLS | 165 |
99 FUNCTIONS OF STEROID HORMONE MODULATION OF NERVE CELLS | 175 |
910 THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS | 180 |
23 SUMMARY | 27 |
THE PITUITARY GLAND AND ITS HORMONES | 30 |
32 THE HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND | 33 |
33 THE ENDORPHINS | 36 |
34 PITUITARY HORMONES IN THE BRAIN | 37 |
THE HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES | 40 |
42 HYPOTHALAMIC NEUROSECRETORY CELLS | 41 |
43 THE NEUROENDOCRINE TRANSDUCER CONCEPT | 44 |
44 THE HYPOTHALAMIC HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES | 45 |
45 COMPLEXITIES OF HYPOTHALAMICPITUITARY INTERACTIONS | 50 |
46 SUMMARY | 52 |
NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 56 |
51 CATEGORIES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 57 |
52 THE NERVE CELL AND THE SYNAPSE | 60 |
53 NEUROTRANSMITTER BIOSYNTHESIS AND STORAGE | 61 |
54 THE RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR ACTION AT RECEPTORS | 65 |
56 DEACTIVATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 69 |
57 NEUROTRANSMITTER PATHWAYS | 70 |
58 DRUGS INFLUENCING NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RECEPTORS | 74 |
59 NUTRIENTS MODIFYING NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS | 78 |
510 THE DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | 79 |
511 SUMMARY | 84 |
NEUROTRANSMITTER CONTROL OF HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY AND OTHER HORMONES | 88 |
62 NEURAL CONTROL OF HYPOTHALAMIC NEUROSECRETORY CELLS | 90 |
63 NEUROTRANSMITTER REGULATION OF ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES | 93 |
64 NEUROTRANSMITTER REGULATION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES | 101 |
65 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS | 102 |
66 NEUROTRANSMITTER REGULATION OF OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS | 103 |
67 COMPLICATIONS IN THE STUDY OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER CONTROL OF HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE RELEASE | 105 |
68 NEUROENDOCRINE CORRELATES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG TREATMENT OF THESE DISORDERS | 107 |
69 SUMMARY | 108 |
REGULATION OF HORMONE SYNTHESIS STORAGE RELEASE TRANSPORT AND DEACTIVATION | 113 |
72 HORMONE SYNTHESIS | 115 |
73 STORAGE AND INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT OF PEPTIDE HORMONES | 119 |
74 HORMONE RELEASE | 120 |
76 DEACTIVATION OF HORMONES | 122 |
77 METHODOLOGY FOR NEUROENDOCRINE RESEARCH | 123 |
78 SUMMARY | 124 |
REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS IN THE BLOODSTREAM | 127 |
82 MECHANISMS REGULATING HORMONE LEVELS | 131 |
83 HORMONAL MODULATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE | 139 |
85 WHEN HORMONE REGULATORY MECHANISMS FAIL | 141 |
86 SUMMARY | 142 |
STEROID AND THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS | 147 |
92 HOW ARE HOMONE TARGET CELLS IDENTIFIED? | 148 |
911 SUMMARY | 182 |
RECEPTORS FOR PEPTIDE HORMONES NEUROPEPTIDES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 191 |
101 MEMBRANE RECEPTORS | 192 |
102 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY GPROTEINS | 195 |
103 SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS | 199 |
104 INTERACTIONS AMONG SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS | 206 |
105 SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION | 207 |
106 SECOND MESSENGERS IN THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | 208 |
107 COMPARISON OF STEROID AND PEPTIDE HORMONE ACTIONS AT THEIR TARGET CELLS | 213 |
108 SUMMARY | 215 |
NEUROPEPTIDES I CLASSIFICATION SYNTHESIS AND COLOCALIZATION WITH CLASSICAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 221 |
112 SYNTHESIS STORAGE RELEASE AND DEACTIVATION OF NEUROPEPTIDES | 223 |
113 EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEUROPEPTIDES NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES | 228 |
114 COEXISTENCE COLOCALIZATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROPEPTIDES | 235 |
115 LOCALIZATION OF NEUROPEPTIDE CELL BODIES AND PATHWAYS IN THE BRAIN | 238 |
116 NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS AND SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS | 244 |
117 NEUROPEPTIDES AND THE BLOODBRAIN BARRIER | 246 |
118 SUMMARY | 248 |
NEUROPEPTIDES II NEUROPEPTIDE FUNCTION | 266 |
122 NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTIONS OF NEUROPEPTIDES | 270 |
123 NEUROMODULATOR ACTIONS OF NEUROPEPTIDES | 272 |
124 EFFECTS OF NEUROPEPTIDES ON THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 279 |
125 VISCERAL COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF NEUROPEPTIDES | 284 |
126 SUMMARY | 298 |
CYTOKINES AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS | 302 |
132 THE THYMUS GLAND AND ITS HORMONES | 305 |
THE MESSENGERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 307 |
134 THE FUNCTIONS OF CYTOKINES IN THE IMMUNE AND HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEMS | 312 |
135 EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES AND OTHER IMMUNOMODULATORS ON THE BRAIN AND NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 316 |
136 NEURAL AND ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 324 |
137 HYPOTHALAMIC INTEGRATION OF THE NEUROENDOCRINEIMMUNE SYSTEM | 333 |
138 SUMMARY | 335 |
METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY | 346 |
141 BEHAVIORAL BIOASSAYS | 347 |
142 CORRELATIONAL STUDIES OF HORMONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES | 348 |
143 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES I BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO NEUROENDOCRINE MANIPULATION | 352 |
NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE STIMULI | 360 |
MEDIATING NEUROENDOCRINEBEHAVIOR INTERACTIONS | 368 |
146 CONFOUNDING VARIABLES IN BEHAVIORAL NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH | 376 |
147 SUMMARY | 385 |
AN OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY PRESENT FUTURE AND PAST | 395 |
152 THE HISTORY OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY | 397 |
JOURNALS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ENDOCRINOLOGY | 400 |
402 | |
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Common terms and phrases
acetylcholine ACTH action activity adrenal agonists alter amino acid amygdala androgen axon bind blood Ca2+ cell bodies cell membrane Chapter chemical messengers cortex corticosteroid cyclic AMP cytokines deactivated dopamine drugs effects endocrine glands Endocrinology enzymes estrogen female functions G-proteins GABA glucocorticoids GnRH gonadal hippocampus hormone levels hormone receptors hormone release hypothalamic hormones hypothalamus immune system inhibit injection interactions LH-RH limbic lymphocytes macrophages male McEwen mediated medulla modulate nerve cells nerve terminal nervous system neural neuroendocrine system Neuroendocrinology neurohormones neuromodulator neurons neuropeptides Neuroscience neurosecretory cells neurotransmitters noradrenaline nucleus oxytocin pathways peptide hormones physiological pituitary gland pituitary hormones postsynaptic cell preoptic area progesterone prolactin protein kinase protein synthesis Redrawn regulate releasing hormone responses second messenger systems serotonin sexual behavior shown in Figure somatostatin spinal cord steroid hormones stimulate substance synapse target cells testosterone thymus gland thyroid hormones transmitter vasopressin vesicles