Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation

Wolfgang Demtröder

Springer Science & Business Media, Oct 8, 2002 - Technology & Engineering - 986 pages

Keeping abreast of the latest techniques and applications, this new edition of the standard reference and graduate text on laser spectroscopy has been completely revised and expanded. While the general concept is unchanged, the new edition features a broad array of new material, e.g., frequency doubling in external cavities, reliable cw-parametric oscillators, tunable narrow-band UV sources, more sensitive detection techniques, tunable femtosecond and sub-femtosecond lasers (X-ray region and the attosecond range), control of atomic and molecular excitations, frequency combs able to synchronize independent femtosecond lasers, coherent matter waves, and still more applications in chemical analysis, medical diagnostics, and engineering.

Contents

• Introduction: 1
• Absorption and Emission of Light: 7
• 22 Thermal Radiation and Plancks Law: 10
• 23 Absorption Induced and Spontaneous Emission: 12
• 24 Basic Photometric Quantities: 16
• 241 Definitions: 17
• 242 Illumination of Extended Areas: 19
• 25 Polarization of Light: 20
• 26 Absorption and Emission Spectra: 22
• 27 Transition Probabilities: 26
• Basic Equations: 29
• 273 WeakField Approximation: 32
• 274 Transition Probabilities with BroadBand Excitation: 33
• 275 Phenomenological Inclusion of Decay Phenomena: 35
• 276 Interaction with Strong Fields: 37
• 277 Relations Between Transition Probabilities Absorption Coefficient and Line Strength: 41
• 28 Coherence Properties of Radiation Fields: 42
• 282 Spatial Coherence: 44
• 283 Coherence Volume: 45
• 284 The Coherence Function and the Degree of Coherence: 48
• 29 Coherence of Atomic Systems: 52
• 291 Density Matrix: 53
• 292 Coherent Excitation: 54
• 293 Relaxation of Coherently Excited Systems: 56
• Problems: 57
• Widths and Profiles of Spectral Lines: 59
• 31 Natural Linewidth: 60
• 312 Relation Between Linewidth and Lifetime: 62
• 313 Natural Linewidth of Absorbing Transitions: 64
• 32 Doppler Width: 68
• 33 Collisional Broadening of Spectral Lines: 72
• 331 Phenomenological Description: 73
• 332 Relations Between Interaction Potential Line Broadening and Shifts: 78
• 333 Collisional Narrowing of Lines: 81
• 34 TransitTime Broadening: 82
• 35 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Line Broadening: 85
• 36 Saturation and Power Broadening: 87
• 362 Saturation Broadening of Homogeneous Line Profiles: 89
• 363 Power Broadening: 91
• 37 Spectral Line Profiles in Liquids and Solids: 92
• Problems: 94
• Spectroscopic Instrumentation: 97
• 411 Basic Properties: 99
• 412 Prism Spectrometer: 109
• 413 Grating Spectrometer: 112
• 42 Interferometers: 120
• 421 Basic Concepts: 121
• 422 Michelson Interferometer: 122
• 423 MachZehnder Interferometer: 127
• 424 MultipleBeam Interference: 130
• 425 Plane FabryPerot Interferometer: 137
• 426 Confocal FabryPerot Interferometer: 145
• 427 Multilayer Dielectric Coatings: 150
• 428 Interference Filters: 154
• 429 Birefringent Interferometer: 157
• 4210 Tenable Interferometers: 161
• 43 Comparison Between Spectrometers and Interferometers: 162
• 432 LightGathering Power: 164
• 44 Accurate Wavelength Measurements: 166
• 441 Precision and Accuracy of Wavelength Measurements: 167
• 442 Todays Wavemeters: 169
• 45 Detection of Light: 179
• 451 Thermal Detectors: 182
• 452 Photodiodes: 187
• 453 Photodiode Arrays: 197
• 454 Photoemissive Detectors: 200
• 455 Detection Techniques and Electronic Equipment: 211
• 46 Conclusions: 217
• Problems: 218
• Lasers as Spectroscopic Light Sources: 221
• 512 Threshold Condition: 222
• 513 Rate Equations: 224
• 52 Laser Resonators: 226
• 521 Open Optical Resonators: 228
• 522 Spatial Field Distributions in Open Resonators: 231
• 523 Confocal Resonators: 232
• 524 General Spherical Resonators: 236
• 525 Diffraction Losses of Open Resonators: 237
• 526 Stable and Unstable Resonators: 238
• 527 Ring Resonators: 242
• 528 Frequency Spectrum of Passive Resonators: 243
• 53 Spectral Characteristics of Laser Emission: 246
• 532 Gain Saturation: 249
• 533 Spatial Hole Burning: 251
• 534 Multimode Lasers and Gain Competition: 253
• 535 Mode Pulling: 256
• 54 Experimental Realization of SingleMode Lasers: 258
• 542 Suppression of Transverse Modes: 262
• 543 Selection of Single Longitudinal Modes: 264
• 544 Intensity Stabilization: 271
• 545 Wavelength Stabilization: 274
• 55 Controlled Wavelength Tuning of SingleMode Lasers: 284
• 551 Continuous Tuning Techniques: 285
• 552 Wavelength Calibration: 288
• 56 Linewidths of SingleMode Lasers: 291
• 57 Tunable Lasers: 294
• 571 Basic Concepts: 295
• 572 SemiconductorDiode Lasers: 296
• 573 Tunable SolidState Lasers: 302
• 574 ColorCenter Lasers: 305
• 575 Dye Lasers: 309
• 576 Excimer Lasers: 325
• 577 FreeElectron Lasers: 328
• 58 Nonlinear Optical Mixing Techniques: 331
• 582 Phase Matching: 333
• 583 SecondHarmonic Generation: 335
• 584 Quasi Phase Matching: 341
• 585 SumFrequency and HigherHarmonic Generation: 343
• 586 XRay Lasers: 348
• 587 DifferenceFrequency Spectrometer: 349
• 588 Optical Parametric Oscillator: 352
• 589 Tunable Raman Lasers: 356
• 59 Gaussian Beams: 359
• Problems: 365
• DopplerLimited Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy with Lasers: 369
• 62 HighSensitivity Methods of Absorption Spectroscopy: 373
• 621 Frequency Modulation: 374
• 622 Intracavity Absorption: 378
• 623 Cavity RingDown Spectroscopy CRDS: 387
• 63 Direct Determination of Absorbed Photons: 391
• 632 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: 396
• 633 Optothermal Spectroscopy: 401
• 64 Ionization Spectroscopy: 405
• 642 Sensitivity of Ionization Spectroscopy: 407
• 643 Pulsed Versus CW Lasers for Photoionization: 408
• 644 Resonant TwoPhoton Ionization Combined with Mass Spectrometry: 411
• 645 Thermionic Diode: 412
• 65 Optogalvanic Spectroscopy: 413
• 66 VelocityModulation Spectroscopy: 416
• 67 Laser Magnetic Resonance and Stark Spectroscopy: 417
• 671 Laser Magnetic Resonance: 418
• 672 Stark Spectroscopy: 420
• 68 LaserInduced Fluorescence: 421
• 681 Molecular Spectroscopy by LaserInduced Fluorescence: 422
• 682 Experimental Aspects of LIF: 424
• 683 LIF of Polyatomic Molecules: 428
• 684 Determination of Population Distributions by LIF: 429
• 69 Comparison Between the Different Methods: 432
• Problems: 436
• Nonlinear Spectroscopy: 439
• 72 Saturation of Inhomogeneous Line Profiles: 445
• 721 Hole Burning: 446
• 722 Lamb Dip: 450
• 73 Saturation Spectroscopy: 453
• 731 Experimental Schemes: 454
• 732 CrossOver Signals: 458
• 733 Intracavity Saturation Spectroscopy: 459
• 734 LambDip Frequency Stabilization of Lasers: 462
• 74 Polarization Spectroscopy: 463
• 741 Basic Principle: 464
• 742 Line Profiles of Polarization Signals: 465
• 743 Magnitude of Polarization Signals: 470
• 744 Sensitivity of Polarization Spectroscopy: 473
• 745 Advantages of Polarization Spectroscopy: 476
• 752 DopplerFree Multiphoton Spectroscopy: 479
• 753 Influence of Focusing on the Magnitude of TwoPhoton Signals: 483
• 754 Examples of DopplerFree TwoPhoton Spectroscopy: 485
• 755 Multiphoton Spectroscopy: 487
• 76 Special Techniques of Nonlinear Spectroscopy: 490
• 762 DopplerFree LaserInduced Dichroism and Birefringence: 492
• 763 Heterodyne Polarization Spectroscopy: 494
• 764 Combination of Different Nonlinear Techniques: 495
• 77 Conclusion: 497
• Laser Raman Spectroscopy: 499
• 82 Experimental Techniques of Linear Laser Raman Spectroscopy: 504
• 83 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy: 511
• 832 Coherent AntiStokes Raman Spectroscopy: 517
• 833 Resonant CARS and BOX CARS: 520
• 834 HyperRaman Effect: 522
• 835 Summary of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy: 523
• 84 Special Techniques: 524
• 842 SurfaceEnhanced Raman Scattering: 525
• 843 Raman Microscopy: 526
• 844 TimeResolved Raman Spectroscopy: 527
• Problems: 529
• Laser Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams: 531
• 92 Adiabatic Cooling in Supersonic Beams: 539
• 93 Formation and Spectroscopy of Clusters and Van der Waals Molecules in Cold Molecular Beams: 547
• 94 Nonlinear Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams: 551
• 95 Laser Spectroscopy in Fast Ion Beams: 553
• 96 Applications of FIBLAS: 556
• 962 Photofragmentation Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions: 557
• 963 Laser Photodetachment Spectroscopy: 560
• 97 Spectroscopy in Cold Ion Beams: 561
• 98 Combination of Molecular Beam Laser Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry: 562
• Problems: 564
• Optical Pumping and DoubleResonance Techniques: 567
• 101 Optical Pumping: 568
• 102 OpticalRF DoubleResonance Technique: 573
• 1022 LaserRF DoubleResonance Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams: 576
• 103 OpticalMicrowave Double Resonance: 579
• 104 OpticalOptical Double Resonance: 583
• 1041 Simplification of Complex Absorption Spectra: 584
• 1042 Stepwise Excitation and Spectroscopy of Rydberg States: 588
• 1043 Stimulated Emission Pumping: 597
• of DoubleResonance Spectroscopy: 600
• 1052 Polarization Labeling: 601
• 1053 MicrowaveOptical DoubleResonance Polarization Spectroscopy: 603
• 1055 TripleResonance Spectroscopy: 605
• Problems: 606
• TimeResolved Laser Spectroscopy: 609
• 111 Generation of Short Laser Pulses: 610
• 1112 QSwitched Lasers: 612
• 1113 Cavity Dumping: 614
• 1114 Mode Locking of Lasers: 616
• 1115 Generation of Femtosecond Pulses: 625
• 1116 Optical Pulse Compression: 631
• 1117 Sub 10fs Pulses with Chirped Laser Mirrors: 635
• 1118 Fiber Lasers and Optical Solitons: 638
• 1119 Shaping of Ultrashort Light Pulses: 641
• 11110 Generation of HighPower Ultrashort Pulses: 642
• 112 Measurement of Ultrashort Pulses: 646
• 1122 Optical Correlator for Measuring Ultrashort Pulses: 648
• 113 Lifetime Measurement with Lasers: 658
• 1131 PhaseShift Method: 660
• 1132 SinglePulse Excitation: 662
• 1133 DelayedCoincidence Technique: 663
• 1134 Lifetime Measurements in Fast Beams: 665
• 114 PumpandProbe Technique: 668
• of Collisional Relaxation in Liquids: 670
• 1142 Electronic Relaxation in Semiconductors: 671
• 1143 Femtosecond Transition State Dynamics: 672
• 1144 RealTime Observations of Molecular Vibrations: 673
• 1145 Transient Grating Techniques: 675
• Problems: 677
• Coherent Spectroscopy: 679
• 121 LevelCrossing Spectroscopy: 680
• 1211 Classical Model of the Hanle Effect: 681
• 1212 QuantumMechanical Models: 684
• 1213 Experimental Arrangements: 687
• 1214 Examples: 688
• 1215 Stimulated LevelCrossing Spectroscopy: 689
• 122 QuantumBeat Spectroscopy: 692
• 1221 Basic Principles: 693
• 1222 Experimental Techniques: 694
• 1223 Molecular QuantumBeat Spectroscopy: 699
• 124 Optical PulseTrain Interference Spectroscopy: 702
• 125 Photon Echoes: 704
• 126 Optical Nutation and FreeInduction Decay: 711
• 127 Heterodyne Spectroscopy: 713
• 128 Correlation Spectroscopy: 714
• 1282 Correlation Spectroscopy of Light Scattered by Microparticles: 718
• 1283 Homodyne Spectroscopy: 719
• 1284 Heterodyne Correlation Spectroscopy: 721
• 1285 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Single Molecule Detection: 723
• Laser Spectroscopy of Collision Processes: 725
• 131 HighResolution Laser Spectroscopy of Collisional Line Broadening and Line Shifts: 726
• 1311 SubDoppler Spectroscopy of Collision Processes: 727
• 1312 Combination of Different Techniques: 729
• 132 Measurements of Inelastic Collision Cross Sections of Excited Atoms and Molecules: 731
• 1321 Measurements of Absolute Quenching Cross Sections: 732
• 1322 CollisionInduced Rovibronic Transitions in Excited States: 733
• 1323 Collisional Transfer of Electronic Energy: 738
• 1324 Energy Pooling in Collisions Between Excited Atoms: 739
• 1325 Spectroscopy of SpinFlip Transitions: 741
• 133 Spectroscopic Techniques for Measuring CollisionInduced Transitions in the Electronic Ground State of Molecules: 743
• 1331 TimeResolved Infrared Fluorescence Detection: 744
• 1332 TimeResolved Absorption and DoubleResonance Methods: 745
• 1333 Collision Spectroscopy with ContinuousWave Lasers: 747
• 1334 Collisions Involving Molecules in High Vibrational States: 749
• 134 Spectroscopy of Reactive Collisions: 750
• 135 Spectroscopic Determination of Differential Collision Cross Sections in Crossed Molecular Beams: 755
• 136 PhotonAssisted Collisional Energy Transfer: 760
• 137 Photoassociation Spectroscopy of Colliding Atoms: 764
• Problems: 765
• New Developments in Laser Spectroscopy: 767
• 1411 Photon Recoil: 768
• 1412 Measurement of Recoil Shift: 770
• 1413 Optical Cooling by Photon Recoil: 772
• 1414 Experimental Arrangements: 775
• 1415 Threedimensional Cooling of Atoms Optical Mollasses: 780
• 1416 Cooling of Molecules: 782
• 1417 Optical Trapping of Atoms: 785
• 1418 Optical Cooling Limits: 790
• 1419 BoseEinstein Condensation: 793
• 14111 Applications of Cooled Atoms and Molecules: 795
• 142 Spectroscopy of Single Ions: 797
• 1422 Optical Sideband Cooling: 799
• 1423 Direct Observations of Quantum Jumps: 802
• 1424 Formation of Wigner Crystals in Ion Traps: 804
• 1425 Laser Spectroscopy in Storage Rings: 806
• 143 Optical Ramsey Fringes: 808
• 1432 TwoPhoton Ramsey Resonance: 811
• 1433 Nonlinear Ramsey Fringes Using Three Separated Fields: 815
• and Suppression of One Recoil Component: 818
• 144 Atom Interferometry: 819
• 1441 MachZehnder Atom Interferometer: 820
• 1442 Atom Laser: 822
• 145 The OneAtom Maser: 823
• 146 Spectral Resolution Within the Natural Linewidth: 826
• 1462 Coherence and Transit Narrowing: 831
• 1463 Raman Spectroscopy with Subnatural Linewidth: 833
• 147 Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement and Optical Frequency Standards: 835
• 1472 Frequency Comb from Femtosecond Laser Pulses: 838
• 148 Squeezing: 840
• 1481 Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations of a Light Wave: 841
• 1482 Experimental Realization of Squeezing: 844
• 1483 Application of Squeezing to Gravitational Wave Detectors: 848
• Applications of Laser Spectroscopy: 851
• 1512 SingleMolecule Detection: 854
• 1513 LaserInduced Chemical Reactions: 855
• 1514 Coherent Control of Chemical Reactions: 859
• 1515 Laser Femtosecond Chemistry: 860
• 1516 Isotope Separation with Lasers: 862
• 1517 Summary of Laser Chemistry: 865
• 1521 Absorption Measurements: 866
• 1522 Atmospheric Measurements with LIDAR: 868
• 1523 Spectroscopic Detection of Water Pollution: 873
• 153 Applications to Technical Problems: 874
• 1532 Applications of Laser Spectroscopy to Materials Science: 877
• 1533 Measurements of Flow Velocities in Gases and Liquids: 878
• 154 Applications in Biology: 879
• 1542 TimeResolved Measurements of Biological Processes: 881
• 1543 Correlation Spectroscopy of Microbe Movements: 882
• 1544 Laser Microscope: 883
• 1545 TimeResolved Spectroscopy of Biological Processes: 884
• 155 Medical Applications of Laser Spectroscopy: 885
• 1552 Heterodyne Measurements of Ear Drums: 887
• 1553 Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy with the HPD Technique: 888
• 1554 Laser Lithotripsy: 889
• 1555 LaserInduced Thermotherapy of Brain Cancer: 891
• 1556 Fetal Oxygen Monitoring: 892
• References: 893
• Subject Index: 979

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Bibliographic information

• Title: Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation; Advanced Texts in Physics
• Author: Wolfgang Demtröder
• Edition: 3, illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2002
• ISBN: 3540652256, 9783540652250
• Length: 986 pages
• Subjects: Science / Physics / Atomic & Molecular; Technology & Engineering / Electrical; Technology & Engineering / Optics