Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modelling and Musculoskeletal Injuries

Front Cover
CRC Press, Jun 29, 2004 - Medical - 624 pages
The repetitive tasks of various forms of manual work can lead to cumulative trauma disorders, increasing staff burn-out rates and the number of sick-days taken by employees. In addition, interest in upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders has grown as the service sector has claimed a larger share of the workforce. These factors introduce the need for an up-to-date text that combines basic biomechanics with practical bioengineering issues.

Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling, and Musculoskeletal Injuries is an engineering oriented book focusing on upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, as opposed to the more general introductions to cumulative trauma disorders and medical management related books. It covers musculoskeletal components of the upper extremities, their models, and the measurement and prediction of injury potential. Students and professionals will find it provides an excellent basic grounding in the subject.

Topics include:
  • A basic introduction to biomechanical principles
  • Gross structure of the musculoskeletal system, including bone and soft tissue
  • Organization of muscles and muscle anatomy, types of fibers, contractile theories, and muscle receptors
  • Modeling of muscle mechanics
  • Models of the upper limbs
  • Types of musculoskeletal disorders and the scientific evidence for risk factors, as well as epidemiology
  • Instrumentation for motion, pressure, force and nerve conduction measurements, and electromyography
  • Job and worksite analysis
  • Hand tools
  • Office environment seating and computer devices
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    Selected pages

    Contents

    Introduction to Biomechanics
    		6
    12 Basic Concepts
    		6
    13 Coordinate Systems
    		6
    14 Force Vector Algebra
    		6
    15 Static Equilibrium
    		6
    16 Anthropometry and Center of Mass Determination
    		10
    17 Friction
    		16
    18 Dynamics
    		19
    652 Shoulder Disorders
    		276
    653 Elbow Disorders
    		278
    655 HandWrist Tendinitis
    		282
    656 HandArm Vibration Syndrome
    		284
    67 latrogenesis A Contrarian View
    		287
    Questions
    		290
    Problems
    		292
    References
    		295

    Questions
    		24
    Problems
    		25
    References
    		27
    Structure of the Musculoskeletal System
    		29
    22 The Skeletal System
    		31
    23 Mechanical Properties of Bone
    		36
    24 Soft Connective Tissue
    		40
    25 Joints
    		42
    252 Joint Lubrication
    		45
    253 Wear and Osteoarthritis
    		46
    Questions
    		48
    References
    		49
    Neuromuscular Physiology and Motor Control
    		51
    32 Structure of Muscle
    		53
    33 Basic Cell Physiology
    		55
    34 The Nervous System
    		59
    35 The ExcitationContraction Sequence
    		61
    36 Motor Units
    		64
    362 Motor Unit Twitch
    		65
    37 Basic Muscle Properties Mechanics
    		68
    372 Passive LengthTension Relationship
    		69
    373 VelocityTension Relationship
    		70
    374 Active State Properties
    		72
    376 Fatigue and Endurance
    		74
    38 Energy Metabolism and Heat Production
    		75
    39 Receptors
    		79
    391 Muscle Spindles
    		80
    392 Golgi Tendon Organs
    		81
    393 Other Receptors
    		83
    Questions
    		92
    Problems
    		94
    Modeling of Muscle Mechanics
    		97
    411 Partial Fraction Expansion
    		98
    412 Transfer Functions
    		104
    42 Viscoelastic Theory
    		105
    43 Hills Muscle Models
    		112
    431 Active Muscle Response
    		115
    432 Tension Buildup
    		117
    433 Stress Relaxation
    		119
    434 Creep
    		120
    435 Time Constant
    		121
    44 Frequency Analysis
    		122
    441 Generalized Approach
    		123
    442 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Frequency Domain
    		124
    443 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Laplace Domain
    		129
    45 Frequency Analysis of Passive Muscle
    		132
    46 Hatzes Multielement Model
    		134
    47 Applications of the Hatze Muscle Model
    		145
    48 Control Theory and Motor Control
    		146
    482 FirstOrder System
    		148
    483 SecondOrder System
    		149
    484 Human Information Processing and Control of Movements
    		156
    49 Root Locus Approach to Muscle Modeling
    		160
    492 Muscle Spindle Model
    		172
    493 Time Delays
    		177
    494 Velocity Control
    		180
    495 Reflex Stiffness
    		181
    Questions
    		185
    Problems
    		186
    References
    		187
    Models of the Upper Limbs
    		191
    512 Joints of the Hand
    		192
    513 Muscle of the Forearm Wrist and Hand
    		193
    515 Flexor Tendon Sheath Pulley Systems
    		196
    516 Wrist Mechanics
    		197
    517 Select Finger Anthropometry Data
    		200
    52 Static TendonPulley Models
    		202
    53 Dynamic TendonPulley Models
    		206
    54 Complex Tendon Models
    		208
    542 Optimization Methods
    		209
    543 Combined Approaches
    		210
    55 A TwoDimensional Hand Model
    		211
    56 Direct Measurement Validation Studies
    		217
    57 Critical Evaluation of Modeling Approaches
    		219
    Questions
    		223
    Problems
    		224
    Musculoskeletal Disorders and Risk Factors
    		229
    62 Common MSDs and Their Etiology
    		230
    622 Muscle Disorders
    		233
    623 Nerve Disorders
    		235
    624 Vascular Disorders
    		238
    626 Bone and Cartilage Disorders
    		239
    64 Epidemiologic Approach to MSDs
    		246
    642 Statistical analyses
    		254
    643 Multivariate Modeling
    		263
    644 Quality of Epidemiological Research
    		269
    65 The Scientific Research and Evidence for Occupational Risk Factors
    		271
    Instrumentation
    		307
    722 Calibration Methods
    		309
    723 Static Measurements Range of Motion
    		312
    724 Dynamic Measurements Angular Velocity and Acceleration
    		313
    73 Pressure and Force Distribution Measurements
    		316
    732 Force Sensing Electronic Components
    		318
    733 Integrated Touch Glove System
    		323
    74 Nerve Conduction Measurements
    		326
    742 Nerve Stimulation and Recording
    		328
    743 Response Measures
    		333
    744 Limitations
    		335
    75 Electromyography
    		337
    751 EMG Instrumentation
    		339
    752 EMG Analysis
    		340
    Questions
    		347
    Problems
    		348
    Job and Worksite Analysis
    		357
    82 Reliability and Validity of Assessment Tools
    		358
    822 Reliability of Assessments
    		359
    823 Reliability of Analysts
    		361
    824 Accuracy and Precision
    		366
    825 Applications
    		369
    83 Initial Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems
    		372
    832 Surveys and Subjective Ratings
    		373
    833 Limitations of Surveys
    		376
    842 OWAS
    		377
    843 Posture Targeting
    		379
    844 RULA
    		380
    846 Task Analyses
    		383
    85 Quantitative Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Assessment Tools
    		385
    852 Strain Index
    		390
    854 Recent Developments
    		396
    Questions
    		403
    Problems
    		404
    References
    		406
    Hand Tools
    		413
    912 Tools and Musculoskeletal Injuries
    		414
    92 General Biomechanical Considerations of Tools
    		415
    922 The Biomechanics of a Power Grip
    		416
    923 The Biomechanics of a Precision Grip
    		419
    924 Measurement of Skin Coefficient of Friction
    		421
    925 Grip Force Coordination
    		422
    926 Static Muscle Loading
    		424
    927 Awkward Wrist Position
    		426
    928 Tissue Compression
    		427
    93 Handles for SingleHandled Tools
    		428
    933 Handle Shape
    		429
    934 Texture and Materials
    		431
    94 Handles for TwoHandled Tools
    		432
    942 Gender
    		434
    95 Other Tool Considerations
    		435
    953 Cloves
    		436
    96 Agricultural and Forestry Tools
    		437
    962 Axes and Hammers
    		442
    963 Saws
    		446
    964 Other Agricultural Tools
    		447
    97 Industrial Tools
    		448
    972 Screwdrivers
    		449
    973 Knives
    		450
    974 Meat Hooks
    		451
    975 Power Tools
    		453
    976 Railroad Tools
    		456
    977 Mining Tools
    		457
    Questions
    		459
    Problems
    		460
    The Office Environment
    		469
    102 The Seated Workplace
    		470
    1022 Seated Posture at a Computer Workstation
    		475
    1023 Determination of Seated Comfort
    		480
    1024 Seat Pressure
    		483
    1025 SitStand ForwardSloping and Saddle Chairs
    		486
    1026 Work Surface and Line of Sight
    		491
    103 The Keyboard
    		497
    1032 Split and Sloped Keyboards
    		502
    1034 Chord Keyboards
    		507
    104 The Mouse and Other CursorPositioning Devices
    		509
    1042 The Mouse
    		510
    1043 Mouse Alternatives
    		513
    105 Notebooks and Handheld PCs
    		514
    106 Control Measures
    		515
    1062 Exercises
    		516
    Questions
    		518
    References
    		519
    Glossary
    		537
    Name Index
    		567
    Subject Index
    		587
    Copyright

    Common terms and phrases

    action potential active analysis Applied Ergonomics assessment axis Biomechanics body bone carpal tunnel syndrome Chaffin chord keyboard coefficient contraction cumulative trauma disorders decreased deviation digit disorders distal elbow Electromyography Equation Ergonomics evaluation exposure extensor feedback Figure finger flexion flexor forearm Freivalds frequency friction Golgi tendon organs grip force hand handle Human Factors increased injuries input joint keyboard Laplace Laplace transform load maximum measure median nerve Medicine motion motor units movement MSDs muscle fibers muscle spindle musculoskeletal nerve conduction neuron normal Occupational phalanges phase angle position posture power grip pressure radial reflex repetitive resulting risk factors root locus rotation seat Self-reports sensory shoulder shoveling stress studies surface Table task tendon forces tension termed thumb tissue tool torque transfer function typically ulnar ulnar deviation upper limb velocity weight workers wrist WRMSD yields zero

    References to this book

    Bibliographic information

    TitleBiomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modelling and Musculoskeletal Injuries
    AuthorAndris Freivalds
    Editionillustrated
    PublisherCRC Press, 2004
    ISBN0748409262, 9780748409266
    Length624 pages
    Subjects › 

    Medical / Biotechnology
    Technology & Engineering / Biomedical
    Technology & Engineering / Industrial Health & Safety
      
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