THE CONJUNCTION. A conjunction is a word used to join other words, phrases or parts of sentences. Its function may be merely that and nothing more, as : Bovo kaj ĉevalo An ox and a horse. It may also establish a definite relation between the parts of a sentence: Pluvis; tial, ni restis hejme=It rained; therefore, we remained at home. Conjunctions do not require the careful study necessary for the correct use of the prepositions, and need only be memorized. According to use, some words may be either conjunctions, adverbs or prepositions, but as a rule the student need not trouble himself to analyze these delicate distinctions. Following is a list of the words most used as conjunctions: Alie, Otherwise. Almenaŭ, At least. Aŭ.......aŭ, Either......or. Car, Because, for. Cu, Whether. Do, Indeed, therefore indeed. Eĉ se, Even if. Escepte se, Unless (Excepting if). Ja, Indeed, in fact. Jen.......jen, Now......now, now......again. Kaj, And. Ke, That. Kvankam, Although. Nek, Nor. Nek.......nek, Neither......nor. 01, Than. Por ke, In order that. Se, If. Sed, But. Sekve, Consequently. Tamen, However, nevertheless. Tia kia, Such as. Tia ke, Such that. THE INTERJECTION Interjections are exclamatory words, usually more or less emphatic in meaning. They are not arranged in sentences, have no grammatical responsibilities, and more closely resemble the primitive animal cries and exclamations than any other part of human speech. They may express fear, pain, warning, surprise, doubt, entreaty, command, grief, joy, approval, contempt, etc. Following is a list of Esperanto words, some of which are always interjections, others frequently used as such : Adiaŭ! Farewell! Bone! Well! Bonvenu! Welcome! Brave! Bravo! Certe! Certainly! Efektive! Really! Fi! Fi! For! Away! Ha! Ah! Ha! He! Hey! Hello! Hura! Hurrah! Ja! Indeed! Jen! Behold! Look! Kompreneble! Of course! Ne! No! Nu! Well! Ve! Woe! Vere! Really! THE NUMERALS The cardinal numerals do not change in form to agree with words to which they belong. This is the meaning of Rule IV, which says that they are not declined. They are: Unu, one; du, two; tri, three; kvar, four; kvin, five; ses, six; sep, seven; ok, eight; naŭ, nine; dek, ten; cent, hundred; mil, thousand; miliono, million. The tens and hundreds are formed by joining numerals; when the relation is one of multiplication the smaller number comes first: dudek, twenty; kvardek, forty; sepcent or sep cent, seven hundred. The units are added to the tens and hundreds when placed after them: dekunu, eleven; dekdu, twelve; dekses, sixteen; kvardek-kvar, forty-four. [See Exercises 12 and 14]. Adjectival ordinals are formed by adding the adjective ending: unua, first; dua, second; tria, third; mil naŭcent kaj sepa, nineteen hundred and seventh. Adverbial ordinals are obtained by adding the adverb ending: unue, firstly; due, secondly; kvine, fifthly. |