Weld Pool Oscillation for Penetration Sensing and Control |
Common terms and phrases
applications approach arc current arc length arc voltage arc welding base base current bead behavior carried caused chapter cold wire supply constant correct penetration cycle decrease detected determined developed diameter direction distance droplet effect electrode element equation experiments figure flow force frequency analysis frequency distribution full penetration function geometry given gives heat increase influence input International IPPC liquid material maximum means measured metal method mode 3 oscillation obtained occurs orbital oscillation frequency oscillation mode overpenetration parameters partial penetration pass peak position possible presented pulse current pulsed GTA welding rotation sample Schematic sensing sensor shape shows side signal situation specific steel step surface tension Table temperature torch transition travel speed trigger tube underpenetration unit variations wave weld penetration weld pool oscillation welding conditions welding current Welding Journal welding process workpiece