Handbook of Geostationary OrbitsThis Handbook 0/ Geostationary Orbits is in principle an extension of the Introduction to Geostationary Orbits that was printed as a special publica tion by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1983. The immediate purpose was to provide the theoretical background and some practical advice for the orbit control of geostationary spacecraft by means of the software package "PEPSOC". PEPSOC, short for "Portable ESOC Package for Synchronous Orbit Con trol" , was produced by the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) to support spacecraft operations in the routine phase. The resulting publication was a handbook for engineers and spacecraft operators, rather than a clas sical textbook in celestial mechanics. During the past eleven years, the software system PEPSOC has found a wide application both within and outside the ESA member states. At the same time, the original Introduction found numerous readers also outside the group of PEPSOC operators. The continuing development and the in creasing use of the geostationary orbit has now created the need for a new, more detailed publication to include new aspects that have emerged. The present Handbook contains several additional subjects and more math ematics to describe the methods applied in PEPSOC. The geophysical and astronomical parameters have been updated to reflect the latest recom mended values. This results in small deviations of the numerical data compared to the Introduction. |
Contents
1 GENERAL BACKGROUND | 3 |
12 The Geostationary Orbit | 6 |
13 Legal Aspects | 9 |
2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS | 13 |
22 Elliptical Orbits and Classical Elements | 20 |
23 Linearised Motion and Synchronous Elements | 26 |
3 ORBIT MANOEUVRES | 42 |
32 Inclination Manoeuvres | 47 |
63 Active Inclination Control | 155 |
64 Longterm Strategy | 162 |
65 Influence of Errors | 175 |
7 LONGITUDE STATION KEEPING | 178 |
72 Longitude Control | 183 |
73 Eccentricity Control | 190 |
74 Near an Equilibrium Longitude | 198 |
75 Longitude Shift and Reacquisition | 203 |
33 Single Inplane Manoeuvre | 51 |
34 Multiple Inplane Manoeuvres | 60 |
4 PERTURBED ORBITS | 68 |
42 Nonspherical Earth Potential and Longitude Evolution | 70 |
43 Solar and Lunar Attraction in a Moving System | 76 |
44 Inclination Evolution | 84 |
45 Solar Radiation Pressure | 91 |
5 OPERATIONAL PRACTICE | 97 |
52 Computer Program Operations | 102 |
53 Eclipse by Earth | 110 |
54 Eclipse by Moon | 116 |
55 Colocation | 122 |
56 Separation Methods | 127 |
57 Proximity Manoeuvres | 141 |
6 INCLINATION STATION KEEPING | 146 |
62 Passive Inclination Control | 150 |
76 Manoeuvre Calculation | 211 |
8 ORBIT DETERMINATION | 220 |
82 Tracking Measurements | 227 |
83 Tracking Geometry | 236 |
84 Estimation Process | 242 |
85 Derivatives and Differentials | 248 |
86 Tracking Accuracy | 256 |
87 Observability and Accuracy | 267 |
Table 1 Greenwich sidereal angle | 286 |
Table 2 Longitude acceleration by Earth | 287 |
Table 3 Inclination drift | 293 |
Table 4 Eclipse by Moon | 294 |
LIST OF SYMBOLS | 296 |
| 298 | |
| 300 | |
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Common terms and phrases
acceleration accuracy along-track antenna apogee approximate argument of perigee azimuth calculated centre circle classical elements co-ordinate system coefficients component deadband direction Earth east thrust eccentricity vector eclipse effect elevation epoch equation error expressed free drift fuel function geostationary orbit geostationary spacecraft ground station imax in-plane inclination manoeuvres inclination station keeping inclination vector integration iteration latitude librations linearised longitude deadband longitude drift rate longitude manoeuvres longitude station keeping matrix mean longitude drift MEGSD mission Moon obtain optimisation orbit determination orbit eccentricity orbital elements orbital plane orthogonal out-of-plane perform perigee perturbations predicted radial radius ranging result right ascension rotation Section semimajor axis shown in Figure sidereal day solar radiation pressure solution solve-for parameters spacecraft motion spacecraft position spacecraft sidereal angle station keeping cycle station keeping manoeuvres target three-axis stabilised thruster tracking data tracking interval tracking measurements true anomaly velocity zero
Popular passages
Page 298 - World Administrative Radio Conference on the Use of the Geostationary-Satellite Orbit and the Planning of Space Services Utilizing It - First Session, Geneva, 1985.
Page 298 - The modem International Law of Outer Space. Pergamon Press, New York 1982 & 1984 Elyasberg PE: Introduction to the Theory of Flight of Artificial Satellites.