How Volcanoes Work: New Models |
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200 million yr active zone Africa America continent Antarctica Archimedes law Atlantic Ocean breakup cirques continental crust continental drift continental plates crater crust band decrease depth Earth's crust eastern eastward equatorial mantle stream equatorial stream eruption fire split folds fragments gases geoid undulation giant Graham Land Henry law history of Gondwanaland horizontal mantle streams inflow Initially intermediate crust island arcs jets velocities landmasses latitudinal longitudinal mantle stream magma magmatic masses mantle flow mantle jets mantle liquid mantle substrate mantle whirl mighty million yr ago model of horizontal Moon motion of mantle mountain chains NAZCA RIDGE northern northward occurred ocean crust ocean floor crust orogenesis overlying crust Pacific Ocean pattern plate tectonics produced region ridge rotation Scotia arc second longitudinal mantle South America South America continent South Atlantic subcrustal mantle streams subcrustal stream submeridional tensile forces thick continental crust transform faults trench uplift upthrust volcanic activity western edge