The Evolution of Organ SystemsSystematics has developed rapidly during the past two decades. A multitude of new methods and contributions from a diversity of biological fields including molecular genetics and developmental biology have provided a wealth of phylogenetic hypotheses, some confirming traditional views others contradicting them. Despite such inconsistencies, it is now possible to recognize robust regions of a 'tree of life' and also to identify problematic areas which have yet to be resolved. This is the first book to apply the current state of phylogeny to an evolutionary interpretation of animal organ systems and body architecture, providing alternative theories in those cases of continuing controversy. Organs do not appear suddenly during evolution; instead they are composed of far simpler structures. In some cases it is even possible to trace particular molecules or physiological pathways as far back as pre-animal history. What emerges is a fascinating picture, showing how animals have combined ancestral and new elements in novel ways to form constantly changing responses to environmental requirements. The Evolution of Organ Systems starts with a general overview of current animal phylogeny, followed by review of general body organization including symmetry, anteroposterior axis, dorsoventral axis, germ layers, segmentation, and skeletons. Subsequent chapters then provide a detailed description of the individual organ systems themselves - integument, musculature, nervous system, sensory organs, body cavities, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, intestinal system, gonads and gametes. Generously illustrated throughout, this accessible text is suitable for both upper level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in animal evolution, organogenesis, animal anatomy, zoology and systematics. It will also be a valuable reference tool for those professional researchers in these fields requiring an authoritative, balanced and up-to-date overview of the topic. |
Contents
1 Introduction | 1 |
2 The phylogenetic frame | 3 |
3 General body organization | 34 |
4 Epidermis | 54 |
5 Musculature | 74 |
6 Nervous system | 95 |
7 Sensory organs | 118 |
8 Body cavities | 148 |
10 Circulatory systems | 191 |
11 Respiratory systems | 202 |
12 Intestinal systems | 218 |
13 Reproductive organs | 240 |
14 Gametes Spermatozoa | 262 |
15 Final conclusions | 293 |
References | 294 |
| 365 | |
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Common terms and phrases
absent Acoelomorpha acoels acrosome actin animals annelids apical arthropods Bartolomaeus basal bilaterian ancestor Biol brachiopods brain bryozoans canal Chaetognatha chitin cilia ciliary cilium circulatory system cnidarians coelomic cavities craniotes Ctenophora cuticle derived deuterostomes dorsal Echinodermata echinoderms Echiurida Ehlers elongated Enteropneusta epidermal epithelial epithelium Euarthropoda euarthropods everse evolution evolved example excretory external extracellular eyes Ferraguti filiform flatworms Franzén function gametes Gastrotricha genes gill Gnathostomulida gonads hemoglobin internal fertilization intestine Invertebrates Kamptozoa Kinorhyncha Kristensen larvae layer Limnognathia Loricifera lumen metanephridial metazoan microvilli molecular molluscs muscles musculature nematodes Nematomorpha Nemertini nerve cords nervous system Nielsen Onychophora oocytes organs oxygen pair patterns pharynx phoronids photoreceptors phylogenetic pigment Platyhelminthes podocytes polychaetes present Priapulida primary body cavity proteins protonephridia receptor cells region reproduction respiratory Rieger round-headed Ruppert Schmidt-Rhaesa segmental sensory Sipunculida species sperm spermatozoa sponges statocyst Storch structures tardigrades taxa taxon tentacles terminal cell tion Ultrastructure ventral vessels Westheide Xenoturbella Zool