Low-Temperature X-Ray Diffraction: Apparatus and TechniquesLow-temperature X-ray diffraction (LTXRD) investigations offer many challenges to the diffractionist, not all of which are technical or scientific in nature. LTXRD studies can be frustrating: There are at least two reports of investigations ruined by the loss of crystals (grown with extreme difficulty) because of the widespread power failure and blackout in the northeastern United States in late 1965. LTXRD studies can cause discomfort: In several instances, "low temperatures" have been attained by opening all the windows in the X-ray laboratory. LTXRD studies can be dangerous: It was once reported that a crys tal was lost because a laboratory assistant fell down a flight of stairs and lay unconscious for about an hour on his way to refilling a liquid-nitrogen (LN2 ) dewar. This last report indicated the disposition of the crystal but not that of the laboratory assistant. However, in general, the results of low-temperature X-ray diffraction investigations cannot be obtained in any other manner, and one is well compensated for the effort expended in constructing and maintaining a low-temperature system. Crystal-structure analyses of solidified liquids and gases, phase transformation investigations, accurate crystal-structure analy ses and electron-density maps, thermal expansion measurements, and defect structure studies are a few of the many important applications of LTXRD. |
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Contents
Introduction | 3 |
GasStream Cooling Apparatus | 31 |
ConductionCooling Apparatus | 105 |
Copyright | |
8 other sections not shown
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
absorption adapter alignment allowed apparatus attached axis bath camera capillary tube chamber changes cold gas cold gas stream collection conduction constructed container cooling copper corrections cover cryogen cryostat CRYST described designed determined device dewar diffractometer discussed effect et al evacuated Figure flow gas stream gas-stream glass goniometer head growing grown heat heater helium immersed inside insulation liquid nitrogen liquid-helium low-temperature lower maintained material measured metal method modification mounted nozzle observed obtained opening operating outer stream passes phase placed position possible powder prepared pressure prevent problem reflections refrigerated removed reported reservoir room temperature sample holder sealed similar single crystal single-crystal specimen standard STRUCTURE studies suggested techniques Teflon thermal thermocouple tion transfer line transition vacuum valve vapor vertical warm Weissenberg wire X-ray X-ray beam
References to this book
Bibliographic information
| Title | Low-Temperature X-Ray Diffraction: Apparatus and Techniques Monographs in Low-Temperature Physics |
| Author | Reuben Rudman |
| Edition | illustrated |
| Publisher | Springer US, 1976 |
| Original from | the University of California |
| Digitized | Mar 28, 2008 |
| ISBN | 0306309238, 9780306309236 |
| Length | 344 pages |
| Subjects | › › Science / Physics / Atomic & Molecular Science / Physics / Condensed Matter Science / Physics / General |
| Export Citation | BiBTeX EndNote RefMan |