The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and Its TerritoryThis detailed report describes archaeological fieldwork conducted between 1995 and 1997 in rural northeast Crete. Excavations were made in two locations: a metallurgy workshop (abandoned in EM III) and a nearby rural habitation site, perhaps a farmhouse (used until LM III). An intensive survey of the vicinity revealed other activities in the area from the Early Neolithic onwards, and placed the sites in a micro-regional context. A publication of the Minoan farmhouse will appear subsequently, but this volume stands on its own as both an overview of the project and as a detailed study of the copper smelting workshop. |
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Contents
INTRODUCTION | 3 |
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT | 19 |
THE EXCAVATION OF THE METALLURGY WORKSHOP | 47 |
THE APSIDAL STRUCTURE | 55 |
THE POTTERY | 67 |
THE STONE TOOLS | 99 |
THE FURNACE CHIMNEY FRAGMENTS | 109 |
THE POT BELLOWS | 125 |
LAND USE ON THE CHRYSOKAMINO FAMRSTEAD | 241 |
SURVEY CONCLUSIONS | 257 |
PETROGRAPHY AND XRAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSES OF SLAGS AND FURNACE CHIMNEYS | 281 |
SEMEDAX ANALYSIS | 293 |
LEAD ISOTOPE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SLAGS FROM CHRYSOKAMINO | 299 |
ARSENIC CONTENT OF COPPER PRILLS A STUDY APPLYING PIXE | 321 |
SLAG ANALYSES BY WAVELENGTH DISPERSIVE SPECTROMETRY | 325 |
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COPPER SMELTING PROCESS AT CHRYSOKAMINO BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF ORE AND SLAG SAMPL... | 329 |
MISCELLANEOUS CERAMIC ARTIFACTS | 133 |
OTHER METALLURGICAL MATERIALS | 137 |
FAUNAL REMAINS | 149 |
EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF THRESHING REMAINS AT THE EARLY MINOAN METALLURGICAL WORKSHOP | 153 |
CHRYSOKAMINO IN THE HISTORY OF EARLY METALLURGY | 155 |
DISCUSSION OF THE WORKSHOP AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SMELTING PRACTICES | 179 |
INTRODUCTION TO THE SURFACE SURVEY | 193 |
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CHRYSOKAMINO REGION | 197 |
A SUMMARY OF THE HABITATION SITE AT CHRYSOKAMINOCHOMATAS | 205 |
EDITH HALLS EXCAVATIONS IN THE THERIOSPELIO CAVE | 215 |
CHRYSOKAMINO IN CONTEXT A REGIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY | 221 |
THE GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES OF THE CHRYSOKAMINO FARMSTEAD TERRITORY | 233 |
REGISTER OF ANTHROPOGENIC FEATURES | 355 |
THE MINOAN POTTERY FROM THE SURVEY | 377 |
EVIDENCE FOR BEEKEEPING | 391 |
THE BYZANTINE OF OTTOMAN POTTERY FROM THE SURVEY | 393 |
THE EXCAVATION OF CAVE AF 9 AND TERRACE AF 22b | 399 |
SOILS AND SEDIMENTS FROM NATURAL DEPOSITS AT CHRYSOKAMINO | 403 |
ORGANIC RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF POTTERY SHERDS FROM CHRYSOKAMINO | 413 |
PETROHRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF TWO FINAL NEOLITHIC SHREDS FROM THE CHRYSOKAMINO METALLURGY LOCATION | 429 |
433 | |
457 | |
Common terms and phrases
32 surface acid Aegean agricultural Agriomandra analysis apsidal structure archaeological arsenic arsenical copper artifacts bedrock Betancourt body sherd Branigan burned-out organic matter cave ceramics Chomatas Chryso Chrysokamino Chrysokamino territory clay coarse fabric Comments copper copper prills Crete cuprite Cycladic Diam dolomite Early Minoan evidence excavation exterior fabric with voids fayalite Figure Final Neolithic Furnace chimney Gale Gournia habitation Haggis III–MM IA interior Kambos kamino Kavousi Kythnos Lakkos Lakkos Ambeliou land Lavrion lead isotope magnetite masl matter unevenly colored metal metallurgy metallurgy workshop micrometers minerals Minoan pottery Mirabello Fabric Mochlos Muhly nd nd nd ofthe organic matter unevenly Ottoman oxides period phyllite pot bellows pottery present prills Pseira Pyrgos pyroxene ravine region rim sherd settlement Sitagroi slag pile slag samples slags from Chrysokamino smelting soil stone Stos-Gale terrace walls Vasiliki vitreous deposit voids from burned-out yellowish red