Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature

John Marzluff, Eric Shulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clare Ryan, Craig ZumBrunnen, Ute Simon

Springer Science & Business Media, Jan 3, 2008 - Science - 808 pages

to a Research Project Ernest W. Burgess Abstract The aggregation of urban population has been described by Bücher and Weber. A soc- logical study of the growth of the city, however, is concerned with the de nition and description of processes, as those of (a) expansion, (b) metabolism, and (c) mobility. The typical tendency of urban growth is the expansion radially from its central business district by a series of concentric circles, as (a) the central business district, (b) a zone of deterioration, (c) a zone of workingmen’s homes, (d)a residential area, and (e) a commuters’ zone. Urban growth may be even more fundamentally stated as the resultant of processes of organization and disorganization, like the anabolic and katabolic processes of metabolism in the human body. The distribution of population into the natural areas of the city, the division of labor, the differentiation into social and cultural groupings, represent the normal manifestations of urban metabolism, as statistics of disease, crime, disorder, vice, insanity, and suicide are rough indexes of its abnormal expression. The state of metabolism of the city may, it is suggested, be measured by mobility, de ned as a change of movement in response to a new stimulus or situation. Areas in the city of the greatest mobility are found to be also regions of juvenile delinquency, boys’ gangs, crime, poverty, wife desertion, divorce, abandoned infants, etc.

Contents

• Urbanization and Human Domination of Earth: 1
• Human Domination of Earths Ecosystems: 3
• Humans as the Worlds Greatest Evolutionary Force: 14
• Urbanization: 25
• Differences in the use of Urban Between the Social and Natural Sciences: 49
• Conceptual Foundations of Urban Ecology: 67
• An Introduction to a Research Project: 70
• On the Early History of Urban Ecology in Europe: 79
• Linking Terrestrial Ecological Physical and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas: 99
• Integrated Approaches to LongTerm Studies of Urban Ecological Systems: 123
• Opportunities and Challenges for Studying Urban Ecosystems: 142
• The Atmosphere Hydrosphere and Pedosphere: 159
• Sealing of Soils: 161
• The Moral Economy of the American Lawn: 180
• Streams in the Urban Landscape: 207
• The Urban Climate Basic and Applied Aspects: 232
• Global Warming and the Urban Heat Island: 249
• The Role of Influenza and Pollution: 263
• Heat Waves Urban Climate and Human Health: 269
• The Biosphere: 279
• The City as a Subject for Ecological Research: 281
• Ecosystem Processes Along an UrbantoRural Gradient: 299
• Rapid Evolution of Races in North America: 315
• On the Role of Alien Species in Urban Flora and Vegetation: 321
• Socioeconomics Drive Urban Plant Diversity: 339
• Fauna of the Big City Estimating Species Richness and Abundance in Warsaw Poland: 348
• How Extinction and Colonization May Determine Biological Diversity in HumanDominated Landscapes: 355
• A LongTerm Survey of the Avifauna in an Urban Park: 373
• Changes Caused by Agriculture and Urbanisation: 377
• Does Differential Access to Protein Influence Differences in Timing of Breeding of Florida ScrubJays Aphelocoma coerulescens in Suburban and Wi...: 390
• Creating a Homogeneous Avifauna: 405
• Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Urbanizations Impacts on Fish: 425
• Patterns at the Landscape and Microhabitat Scale: 437
• Influences of Human Modification of Habitat Structure and Productivity: 455
• The Anthroposphere Human Dimensions: 473
• Social Science Concepts and Frameworks for Understanding Urban Ecosystems: 475
• Human Economic Behavior in Ecological Models: 484
• Forecasting Demand for Urban Land: 493
• A Literature Review: 519
• Why Cities Cannot be Sustainableand Why They are a Key to Sustainability: 537
• Health Supportive Environments and the Reasonable Person Model: 556
• Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity Obesity and Morbidity: 567
• Megacities as Global Risk Areas: 583
• Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems Important to People Concerned About Environmental Justice?: 597
• The Anthroposphere Planning and Policy: 606
• The Struggle to Govern the Commons: 611
• A Conceptual Framework: 623
• Scientific Institutional and Individual Constraints on Restoring Puget Sound Rivers: 647
• Shifts in the Core and the Context of Urban Forest Ecology: 660
• What Is the Form of a City and How Is It Made?: 677
• What Should an Ideal City Look Like from an Ecological View? Ecological Demands on the Future City: 691
• Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape: 698
• Terrestrial Nature Reserve Design at the UrbanRural Interface: 715
• A General Framework and Specific Recommendations for Urbanizing Landscapes: 738
• A Straightforward Approach: 757
• A New Planning Concept for the Environment of Asian MegaCities: 782
• Index: 797

Bibliographic information

• Title: Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature
• Editors: John Marzluff, Eric Shulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clare Ryan, Craig ZumBrunnen, Ute Simon
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2008
• ISBN: 0387734120, 9780387734125
• Length: 808 pages
• Subjects: Nature / Environmental Conservation & Protection; Political Science / Public Policy / City Planning & Urban Development; Political Science / Public Policy / Regional Planning; Science / Life Sciences / Biological Diversity; Science / Life Sciences / Botany; Science / Life Sciences / Ecology