Trease and Evans' PharmacognosyThis encyclopedic reference work on pharmacognosy covers the study of those natural substances, principally plants, that find a use in medicine. Its popularity and longevity stem from the book's balance between classical (crude and powdered drugs' characterization and examination) and modern (phytochemistry and pharmacology) aspects of this branch of science, as well as the editor's recognition in recent years of the growing importance of complementary medicines, including herbal, homeopathic and aromatherapy.
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Contents
Tansy | |
Sandalwood oil | |
RESINS GUMRESINS AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES | |
Jalap | |
Brazilian Jalap Rhizome | |
VOLATILE OILS IN AROMATHERAPY | |
BIOGENESIS OF STEROIDAL SAPONINS | |
NATURAL STEROIDS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS | |
SUBCLASS SYMPETALAE | |
PLANTAGINALES | |
CAMPANULALES | |
MONOCOTYLEDONS | |
ANIMAL PRODUCTS | |
DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | |
THE HEART CIRCULATION AND BLOOD | |
ACTION ON THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | |
THE NASAL AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS | |
THE LIVER | |
THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES | |
ACTION ON SUGAR METABOLISM | |
STEROIDS AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS | |
NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS | |
TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS | |
TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT DISEASES | |
TREATMENT OF ALLERGIES | |
VITAMINS | |
WHAT IS SYNERGY? | |
MEASURING SYNERGY | |
DEMONSTRATING SYNERGY AND POLYVALENT ACTION IN PHYTOMEDICINES | |
ENHANCEMENT OR REDUCTION OF ABSORPTION OR BIOAVAILABILITY | |
EXAMPLES OF SYNERGY POLYVALENT ACTION OR ANTAGONISM IN HERBAL MEDICINES | |
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR LOOKING AT SYNERGY AND OTHER INTERACTIONS | |
CONCLUSION | |
Acknowledgement | |
DEFINITION | |
HISTORICAL DIMENSION | |
THE PROCESS OF MODERN DRUG DISCOVERY USING ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | |
SOME MODERN EXAMPLES OF DRUG DISCOVERY BASED ON THE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH | |
THE VALUE OF THE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH | |
PROBLEMS WITH THE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH | |
CONCLUSION | |
BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS AND HIGHTHROUGHPUT SCREENING | |
SAMPLE AVAILABILITY FOR HIGHTHROUGHPUT SCREENING | |
SELECTING SAMPLES FOR SCREENING | |
PROCESS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PLANTS FOR TARGETED SETS | |
SAMPLE PREPARATION | |
DEREPLICATION AND ISOLATION OF ACTIVE COMPONENTS | |
AN EXAMPLE OF THE SUCCESS OF HIGHTHROUGHPUT SCREENING OF PLANTS FOR NEW LEAD COMPOUNDS | |
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS | |
CURRENT ASPECTS | |
CHANGING DEMANDS | |
THE FUTURE | |
SOURCE MATERIALS | |
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS | |
CULTIVATED AND WILD PLANTS | |
COLLECTION | |
DRYING | |
STORAGE | |
EUROPEAN REGULATIONS | |
AUXINS | |
GIBBERELLINS | |
CYTOKININS | |
GROWTH INHIBITORS | |
ETHYLENE | |
INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE | |
CULTIVATION OF PLANT CELLS | |
PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES | |
INDUCED SECONDARY METABOLISM IN CELL CULTURES | |
BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSIONS BY PLANT CELL CULTURES | |
IMMOBILIZED PLANT CELLS | |
ORGAN CULTURE | |
CLONAL PROPAGATION | |
CHEMICAL RACES CHEMOTYPES CHEMODEMES | |
CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER | |
ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS | |
HYBRIDIZATION | |
TRANSGENIC MEDICINAL PLANTS | |
PRIMARY FACTORS | |
MOULD AND BACTERIAL ATTACK | |
COLEOPTERA OR BEETLES | |
LEPIDOPTERA | |
ARACHNIDA | |
CONTROL OF INFESTATION | |
SPOILAGE BY RODENTS | |
STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO CRUDE DRUGS | |
STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO VOLATILE AND FIXED OILS | |
ASSAYS | |
EXTRACTION OF PLANT MATERIAL | |
SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF CONSTITUENTS | |
CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATED COMPOUNDS | |
BIOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS | |
ENZYMES | |
PHOTOSYNTHESIS | |
CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION | |
GLYCOSIDES | |
FATS AND FATTY ACIDS | |
AROMATIC BIOSYNTHESIS | |
AMINO ACIDS | |
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS | |
ISOPRENOID COMPOUNDS | |
SECONDARY METABOLITES | |
MONOBASIC ACIDS | |
DIBASIC AND TRIBASIC ACIDS | |
ALCOHOLS | |
ESTERS | |
DRUGS CONTAINING ACIDS ALCOHOLS AND ESTERS | |
PHARMACEUTICAL FIXED OILS AND FATS | |
WAXES | |
SUGARS SACCHARIDES | |
COMMERCIAL PLANTDERIVED FIBRES AND PRODUCTS | |
REGENERATED CARBOHYDRATE MATERIAL AND CHEMICALLY MODIFIED FIBRES | |
STARCHES | |
FRUCTANS | |
ALGAL GELLING AGENTS | |
GUMS AND MUCILAGES | |
MISCELLANEOUS CARBOHYDRATECONTAINING DRUGS | |
MEADOWSWEET | |
Oil of wintergreen | |
WILLOW BARK | |
Black haw bark | |
Kamala | |
Tar Pix Liquida | |
COAL TAR | |
VANILLA AND VANILLIN | |
BEARBERRY LEAVES | |
Propolis or bee glue | |
CAPSICUM | |
Hydrolysable tannins | |
Condensed tannins proanthocyanidins | |
Complex tannins | |
GALLS AND TANNIC ACID | |
HAMAMELIS LEAF | |
TORMENTIL | |
HAWTHORN | |
AGRIMONY | |
ALCHEMILLA | |
RHATANY | |
Pomegranate rind | |
Aspidosperma barks | |
Kinos | |
Croton lechleri | |
MELILOT | |
Tonco seed | |
Celery fruit Apium Apii Fructus | |
ANTHRAQUINONES AND GLYCOSIDES | |
NAPHTHOQUINONES AND GLYCOSIDES | |
CHROMONES AND XANTHONES | |
ANTHOCYANIDINS AND GLYCOSIDES | |
STILBENES | |
LIGNANS AND LIGNIN | |
Production and uses of volatile oils | |
Composition of volatile oils | |
Preparation of volatile oils | |
PEPPERMINT LEAF AND PEPPERMINT OIL | |
OIL OF PEPPERMINT | |
DEMENTHOLIZED MINT OIL BP | |
THREELOBED SAGE LEAF | |
SAGE OIL | |
ROSEMARY LEAF | |
LEMON BALM | |
THYME | |
THYME OIL | |
WILD THYME | |
OREGANO | |
LAVENDER OIL | |
CARAWAY FRUIT | |
DILL AND DILL OIL | |
CORIANDER AND CORIANDER OIL | |
ANISEED AND ANISEED OIL | |
STAR ANISE FRUIT AND OIL | |
BITTER FENNEL AND SWEET FENNEL | |
TURPENTINE OIL | |
PINUS PINASTER TYPE TURPENTINE OIL | |
Canada turpentine | |
Pumilio pine oil | |
Savin tops | |
Oil of cade | |
JUNIPER BERRIES AND OIL | |
Oil of Juniper BPEP | |
BITTER ORANGE PEEL | |
Sweet orange peel | |
Terpeneless orange oil | |
LEMON PEEL | |
LEMON OILS | |
Terpeneless lemon oil | |
Buchu leaf | |
NUTMEG AND NUTMEG OIL | |
NUTMEG OIL | |
Calamus | |
CINNAMON OIL | |
CEYLON CINNAMON LEAF OIL | |
Cassia Chinese cinnamon or cassia lignea | |
Canella bark | |
Oil of Cajuput | |
Pimento or allspice | |
CLOVE AND CLOVE OIL | |
Clove oil | |
EUCALYPTUS LEAF | |
EUCALYPTUS OIL | |
Grains of paradise | |
CHAMOMILE FLOWERS | |
MATRICARIA OIL | |
YARROW | |
LOVAGE | |
FENUGREEK | |
BUTCHERS BROOM | |
ELEUTHEROCOCCUS | |
PRIMULA ROOT | |
QUILLAIA BARK | |
SENEGA ROOT | |
EUROPEAN GOLDENROD | |
GOLDENROD | |
IVY | |
CARDIOACTIVE DRUGS | |
CARDENOLIDES | |
BUFADIENOLIDES | |
OTHER STEROIDS | |
IRIDOIDS | |
GENTIAN | |
CENTAURY | |
BOGBEAN LEAF | |
PLANTAIN | |
VALERIAN ROOT | |
SESQUITERPENE LACTONES | |
ARNICA FLOWERS | |
FEVERFEW | |
Chicory | |
Fish berries | |
Orris | |
Santonica flowers | |
Artemisinin | |
DITERPENOIDS | |
SESTERTERPENES | |
TETRATERPENESCAROTENOIDS | |
POLYTERPENOIDS | |
CYANOGENETIC GLYCOSIDES | |
GLUCOSINOLATE COMPOUNDS | |
CYSTEINE DERIVATIVES | |
GARLIC | |
MISCELLANEOUS GLYCOSIDES | |
Antibiotic glycosides | |
Nucleosides or nucleic acids | |
HISTORY | |
DISTRIBUTION | |
PROPERTIES | |
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION | |
The nitrogen of alkaloids | |
Tests for alkaloids | |
EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS | |
Cell tissue and organ culture | |
FUNCTIONS OF ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS | |
TROPANE ALKALOIDS | |
PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS | |
LYSINEDERIVED ALKALOIDS | |
PROTOALKALOIDS | |
BENZYLISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES | |
TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE MONOTERPENOID ALKALOIDS AND GLYCOSIDES | |
AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS | |
Colchicum seed and corm Colchicine | |
Colchicine | |
ERGOT AND ERGOT ALKALOIDS | |
Calabar bean and physostigmine | |
Nux vomica | |
Gelsemium | |
Rauwolfia Rauvolfia | |
African Rauwolfia African Rauvolfia | |
Alstonia barks | |
Yohimbe bark | |
Catharanthus roseus | |
Uncaria species | |
CINCHONA | |
General characters | |
MISCELLANEOUS ALKALOIDS | |
IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS | |
PURINE ALKALOIDS | |
REDUCED PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS | |
Areca nut | |
TERPENOID ALKALOIDS | |
STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS | |
PLANTS IN CANCER TREATMENT | |
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION | |
ESTABLISHED NATURAL PRODUCTS AS TUMOUR INHIBITORS | |
NEW NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH ANTITUMOUR ACTIVITY | |
PLANTS CONTAINING ANTICANCER AGENTS IN CURRENT USE | |
DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA | |
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION | |
MODES OF ACTION OF NATURAL ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS | |
EXAMPLES OF ANTIPROTOZOAL NATURAL PRODUCTS | |
CONCLUSIONS | |
PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT DISEASES | |
PLANTS WITH ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTIVITY | |
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS | |
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS | |
VITAMINS | |
FATSOLUBLE VITAMINS | |
CODLIVER OIL | |
WATERSOLUBLE VITAMINS | |
DOG ROSE ROSE HIPS | |
HORMONES | |
Carotenoids | |
γLinolenic acid | |
Policosanoloctacosanol | |
Resveratrol | |
Sterolsstanols | |
Theanine | |
GSPE | |
Pycnogenol | |
Soy isoflavones | |
Tea catechins | |
Cocoachocolate | |
Cranberry | |
Flaxseed | |
Olives | |
Pomegranate | |
Coenzyme Q10 | |
Melatonin | |
MSM | |
Synergistic effects | |
Quality of commercially available products | |
Conclusions | |
COLOURING AGENTS | |
FLAVOURING AGENTS | |
KIESELGUHR OR DIATOMITE | |
PREPARED CHALK | |
GELATIN | |
FISH BODY OILS | |
SILK | |
WOOL ANIMAL WOOL SHEEPS WOOL | |
SHELLAC LAC | |
REGULATORY BACKGROUND | |
INDUSTRY STANDARDS | |
THE HERBAL PRACTITIONER | |
HISTORY OF ASIAN MEDICINE SYSTEMS | |
COMMON TERMS AND CONCEPTS USED IN AYURVEDA | |
PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDA | |
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | |
THERAPEUTIC PRINCIPLES | |
CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE IN WESTERN PRACTICE | |
EVIDENCE OF EFFICACY | |
QUALITY OF CHINESE HERBS IN WESTERN MARKETS | |
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PRACTITIONERS AND THEIR TECHNIQUES | |
RESEARCH INTO AFRICAN MEDICINAL PLANTS | |
TRADE IN MEDICINAL PLANTS IN AFRICA | |
THE AFRICAN PHARMACOPOEIA | |
CONCLUSION | |
FUNGI | |
LYSERGIC ACID DERIVATIVES | |
PEYOTE | |
INDIAN HEMP | |
Hemp products | |
TERATOGENS OF HIGHER PLANTS | |
OTHER TOXIC PLANTS | |
ACARICIDES | |
INSECTICIDES | |
RODENTICIDES | |
MOLLUSCICIDES | |
LEAVES AND TOPS HERBS | |
BARKS | |
WOODS | |
LEAVES OR LEAFLETS | |
INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS | |
FRUITS | |
SEEDS | |
SUBTERRANEAN ORGANS | |
UNORGANIZED DRUGS | |
THE CELL WALL | |
PARENCHYMATOUS TISSUE | |
THE EPIDERMIS | |
EPIDERMAL TRICHOMES | |
THE ENDODERMIS | |
CORK TISSUE | |
COLLENCHYMA | |
SCLEREIDS | |
FIBRES | |
XYLEM | |
PHLOEM | |
SECRETORY TISSUES | |
ERGASTIC CELL CONTENTS | |
Mountants for specimens | |
THE MICROSCOPE | |
PREPARATION OF DRUGS FOR MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION AND GENERAL USE OF REAGENTS | |
POWDERED DRUGS | |
QUANTITATIVE MICROSCOPY | |
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L | |
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N | |
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P | |
Q | |
R | |
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Other editions - View all
Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy William Charles Evans,Daphne Evans,George Edward Trease No preview available - 2009 |
Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy William Charles Evans,Daphne Evans,George Edward Trease No preview available - 2009 |
Common terms and phrases
acid action activity addition alcohols alkaloids amounts appear applied assay bark become biological cell cell cultures changes Chapter chemical chromatography collection column combined complex components compounds considerable consists constituents contains crude cultivated cultures derived determination drugs effect employed enzymes esters example extracts fatty acids flowers formation fractionation fruits further genera Genera include give given glucose glycosides groups herbal herbs important increase indicated interest involved isolated known latter leaves light material medicine metabolites method mixture molecules natural obtained occur organic origin particularly pathway Phytochemistry plants possible preparation present production properties reaction recent relatively reported result root sample secondary seeds selection separation shown shrubs similar solution solvent species standard structure studies substances suitable Table traditional treatment trees tropical types usually various widely yield