Unemployment in Europe: The Policy ChallengeHigh levels of unemployment represent one of the major problems facing Europe as it approaches the 21st century. This paper presents three views on the causes of unemployment across the EU and on the effectiveness of different policy options, asking what role the EU should play in co-ordinating employment policy relative to the role of individual member states. |
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achieved active labour market ALMPs Amsterdam Treaty average benefit Bertelsmann Foundation Björklund Britain burdens Calmfors capital competitive created developed earnings economic growth economic policy employees employment growth employment performance employment rate Employment Training Europe's European countries European Economic Area European economy European unemployment European Union evaluation evidence example Figure flexible labour markets gain Germany grammes higher impact income increase individuals industrialized countries innovations investment Japan job search programmes job search support John Morley Labor Economics labour market flexibility labour market policy levels of unemployment long-term unemployed Maastricht criteria ment million jobs months Narendranathan Non-participants OECD overall participants Payne pension insurance Policy Studies Institute reduce reform Restart sectors skills social security strategy structural Sweden Swedish trade training programmes trend unem wage pressures wage shares welfare wider labour market workers Workfare