BioH2 & BioCH4 Through Anaerobic Digestion: From Research to Full-scale ApplicationsThis book presents a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion (TSAD) technique for producing hydrogen and methane, following a step-by-step approach in order to guide readers through the experimental verification of the related hypothesis. In the first stage of AD, the reaction conditions are optimized to obtain the maximum amount of hydrogen, while in the second the liquid residue from the first phase is used as a substrate to produce fuel-methane. AD has traditionally been used to reduce the organic content of waste; this results in a biogas that is primarily constituted of CH4 and CO2. Over the last few decades, the conversion of organic matter into hydrogen by means of AD and selecting Hydrogen Producing Bacteria (HPB) has matured into a viable and sustainable technology among the pallet of H2 generation technologies. The combined bio-production of hydrogen and methane from Organic Waste Materials (OWM) is considered to be an ideal way of utilizing waste, and can increase energy efficiency (the substrate Heat Value converted into H2 and CH4 fuel) to roughly 80%, since the energy efficiency of H2-production alone (15%) is not energetically competitive. The two gas streams can be used either separately or in combination (HytaneŽ), be supplied as civilian gas or used for transportation purposes. All the aspects of this sustainable technology are taken into account, from the basic biochemical implications to engineering aspects, establishing the design criteria and the scale-up procedures for full-scale application. The sustainability of the TSAD method is assessed by applying EROI (Energy Return On Investment) and EPT (Energy Payback Time) criteria, and both the general approach and application to the field of Anaerobic Digestion are illustrated. |
Contents
| 1 | |
2 Pretreatment to Increase Hydrogen Producing Bacteria HPB | 25 |
3 Kinetics Dynamics and Yield of H2 Production by HPB | 37 |
4 Effect of Temperature on Fermentative H2 Production by HPB | 64 |
5 Net Energy Production of H2 in Anaerobic Digestion | 85 |
6 Hydrogen Production from Biowaste | 106 |
7 Valorization of Liquid EndResidues of H2 Production by Microbial Fuel Cell | 137 |
8 TwoStep Anaerobic Digestion Process | 160 |
9 Energy Sustainability Evaluation of Anaerobic Digestion | 193 |
Conclusion | 213 |
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Common terms and phrases
acetate acid pretreatment acidogenesis acidogenic activity anaerobic digestion anode bacteria basic pretreatment batch tests biogas biogas production bioH2 biohydrogen biohydrogen production biological biomass bioreactor biowaste butyric cathode cellulose Chap chemical Clostridium considering decrease diameter effect efficiency electrical electron acceptor energy balance energy production energy sustainability enzymes Eprod equation EROI ethanol evaluated experimental fermentative hydrogen production fermenting broth ferredoxin Food waste gas production glucose glucose concentration growth H₂ H2 production heat hemicelluloses hydrogen and methane Hydrogen Energy 34 hydrogenase hydrolysis increase indirect energy kinetics kJ/L lag phase lignin lignocellulosic materials mesophilic metabolic pathways metabolites methane methanogenesis methanogens microbial fuel cells microorganisms NADH NaOH obtained organic waste oxidation parameters plant production rate proteins protons pyruvate range reaction reactor redox potential reduced residues Ruggeri scale-up substrate Table Technol thermal TSAD wastewater yield