Astronomy: A Revision of Young's Manual of Astronomy, Volume 1

Henry Norris Russell, Raymond Smith Dugan, John Quincy Stewart

Ginn and Company, 1926 - Astronomy

Contents

• INTRODUCTION: 1
• FIGURE PAGE Yerkes Observatory: 7
• Apparent Places of Stars on the Celestial Sphere 2 The Horizon and Vertical Circles: 11
• The Northern Circumpolar Constellations: 13
• Polar Star Trails: 14
• The Plane of the Earths Equator: 15
• Circles of the Celestial Sphere: 16
• Relation of the Different Coördinates: 22
• Altitude of the Pole Equals the Observers Latitude: 23
• The Oblique Sphere: 24
• The Astronomical Triangle: 30
• The Celestial Globe: 34
• ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS: 37
• The Simple Refracting Telescope: 38
• Resolving Power: 41
• Action of the Achromatic Lens: 42
• Reflecting Telescopes: 45
• Four Arrangements of the 60Inch Reflector of the Mt Wilson Observatory: 47
• The Equatorial Mounting: 48
• The DrivingClock of the 100Inch Hooker Telescope: 49
• The 100Inch Hooker Telescope of the Mt Wilson Observatory: 50
• Observing at the Cassegrain Focus of the 100Inch Reflector of the Mt Wilson Observatory: 51
• The 40Inch Refractor of the Yerkes Observatory: 52
• Structural Plan of the 150Foot Tower Telescope of the Mt Wilson Solar Observatory: 54
• The Metcalf Telescope of the Harvard College Observatory: 55
• Compensation Pendulums: 56
• A Chronograph Record: 58
• A Chronograph: 59
• The Transit Instrument Schematic: 60
• Reticle of a Transit Instrument: 61
• A Broken Transit: 62
• Meridian Circle in United States Naval Observatory Washington: 64
• A 5Inch Altazimuth: 66
• The Filar Position Micrometer: 67
• A Complete Position Micrometer: 68
• The Sextant 70 RAAN 35 Shooting the Sun with the Sextant: 71
• Erecting the Iron Column of the 40Inch Telescope: 74
• PROBLEMS OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY: 75
• FIGURE PAGE 36 Meridian Altitudes and the Determination of the Polar Point: 76
• An Ancient Astronomical Instrument the Gnomon: 78
• A Zenith Telescope: 80
• The Azimuth of Polaris: 85
• Plane Sailing: 89
• Circles of Position: 93
• Relation of Linear Diameter to Apparent Diameter and Distance: 95
• The Geocentric Parallax: 97
• Refraction of Light in the Earths Atmosphere: 99
• Atmospheric Refraction Increases the Altitude: 100
• Dip of the Horizon: 104
• THE EARTH AS AN ASTRONOMICAL BODY: 111
• the difference of latitude: 112
• Measuring the Earths Diameter The astronomical measurement of 48 Measuring the Earths Diameter Triangulation to find the linear dis tance betwee...: 113
• Foucaults Pendulum Experiment: 114
• The Variation of Latitude: 118
• Centrifugal Force caused by Earths Rotation: 119
• Length of Degrees in Different Latitudes: 121
• Astronomical and Geocentric Latitude: 122
• The Earths Mass measured by the von Jolly Balance: 125
• Falling Bodies: 127
• What a WedgeShaped Sample of the Earth Might Look Like: 131
• THE ORBITAL MOTION OF THE EARTH: 135
• Determination of the Form of the Earths Orbit: 136
• The Ellipse: 137
• Equable Description of Areas: 138
• Aberration of a Raindrop: 139
• Conical Motion of Earths Axis: 142
• Precessional Path of the Celestial Pole: 143
• Precession illustrated by the Gyroscope: 144
• The Suns Variable Motion in Right Ascension: 146
• The Equation of Time: 147
• Position of Pole at Solstice and Equinox: 148
• Effect of Suns Elevation on Amount of Heat imparted to the Soil: 149
• The Seasons and the Calendar Exercises References: 156
• Phases of the Moon: 157
• The Gibbous Moon before the Third Quarter: 158
• The EarthLit the Full and the Totally Eclipsed Moon: 159
• The Harvest Moon A and the Crescent Moon B: 163
• Determination of the Moons Parallax: 164
• The Common Center of Mass of Earth and Moon: 166
• The Moons Rotation: 169
• Southern Portion of the Moon at Last Quarter: 176
• Catharina Cyrillus and Theophilus: 177
• Copernicus: 178
• Map of the Moon: 180
• FIGURE PAGE 81 The Nearly Full Moon: 181
• Exercises: 184
• Mt Wilson Observatory: 185
• Size of the Sun compared with the Moons Orbit: 189
• The Synodic Period of Rotation is Longer than the Sidereal: 191
• The Rotation of the Sun: 192
• Paths of SunSpots across the Suns Disk: 193
• Viewing the Sun: 195
• SunSpot Maximum: 197
• Rice Grains and the Intricate Details of a SunSpot: 198
• Single Normal Spot with Faculæ: 199
• Solar Photographs: 200
• The Great SunSpot Group of February 8 1917: 202
• Remarkable TwentyFourHour Development of SunSpot Group August 18 and 19 1916: 203
• Periodicity of SunSpot Numbers: 206
• Butterfly SunSpot Diagram: 208
• Eclipse of April 16 1893 Chile: 210
• Eclipse of January 22 1898 India: 211
• Pair of Spots on the Sun: 212
• ECLIPSES: 214
• The Earths Shadow: 215
• Lunar Ecliptic Limit: 217
• Light bent into Earths Shadow by Refraction: 218
• Moons Shadow on the Earth: 220
• Solar Ecliptic Limits: 222
• The Solar Eclipse of January 24 1925: 223
• The Diamond Ring of the Eclipse of January 24 1925: 224
• Occultation of Aldebaran March 22 1904: 229
• A The Eclipse of June 8 1918 Goldendale Washington: 230
• B The Eclipse of June 8 1918 Goldendale Washington: 231
• THE PLANETS IN GENERAL: 233
• The Planetary Orbits: 236
• Planetary Configurations: 237
• Geocentric Motion of Jupiter from 1708 to 1720: 239
• Apparent Motions of Saturn Jupiter and Venus in 1901: 241
• Path of Eros through Opposition in 1931: 242
• The Ptolemaic System: 244
• Antedating an Observation of a Planet: 248
• Direction of a Planet a: 249
• Distance of a Planet: 252
• Relative Sizes of the Planets: 258
• CELESTIAL MECHANICS: 260
• Curvature of an Orbit: 261
• The Law of Equal Areas: 262
• Linear and Angular Velocities: 264
• The Conics: 269
• An Elliptical Orbit: 273
• Keplers Problem: 274
• Perihelion Passage of a Comet: 277
• Problem of Three Bodies: 279
• Secular Perturbations of the Earths Orbit: 283
• The Suns Disturbing Force on the Moon: 286
• The TideRaising Force: 293
• The Diurnal Inequality: 295
• Deflection of Light Rays in Suns Gravitational Field: 307
• References: 308
• Phases of Mercury and Venus Schematic: 310
• Surface Detail of Mercury: 311
• Transit of Mercury November 7 1914: 313
• Venus: 315
• Venus in the Crescent Phase: 317
• Tracks of Transits of Venus: 321
• Mars From drawings by Barnard: 329
• Seasonal Changes on Mars: 330
• Mars From drawing by Lowell: 334
• Clouds on Mars: 338
• Mars and San José as photographed from Mt Hamilton: 340
• Satellites of Mars: 346
• The Asteroid Princetonia: 349
• THE MAJOR PLANETS: 361
• Jupiter: 364
• Jupiter: 365
• Jupiter: 366
• Jupiter: 368
• Satellites of Jupiter: 369
• Eclipses Transits and Occultations of Jupiters Satellites: 373
• ShadowTransit of Ganymede: 374
• The Light Equation of the Eclipses of Jupiters Satellites: 376
• Jupiters Satellites VI VII and VIII: 378
• Saturn: 382
• Saturn: 384
• The Phases of Saturns Rings: 386
• Saturn From drawing by Barnard: 387
• Satellites of Saturn: 392
• Uranus and its Four Satellites: 398
• Neptune and its Satellite: 402
• COMETS AND METEORS ORIGIN OF: 406
• Donatis Comet: 407
• The Close Coincidence of Different Species of Cometary Orbits within the Earths Orbit: 411
• Orbits of ShortPeriod Comets whose Aphelia and Nodes are near the Orbit of Jupiter: 413
• Enckes Comet: 416
• Halleys Comet: 418
• Comet 1910a: 425
• The Tail of a Comet is directed away from the Sun: 427
• FIGURE PAGE: 433
• Changes in Morehouses Comet: 440
• Trail of a Meteor: 448
• A Rose City Meteorite: 454
• Principal Elements of the Solar System ji S: 471
• NUMERICAL DATA i: xvii

Popular passages

Page 266 - Thus he proposed his law of universal gravitation, which we can state as follows: Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Page 265 - Us foci (§311). (2) The radius vector of each planet describes equal areas in equal times. (3) The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun ; that is, ti2 : k2 ,• ,• ai3 ,• (h3This is the so-called harmonic law.

Page 399 - Direct your telescope to a point on the ecliptic in the constellation of Aquarius, in longitude 326°, and you will find within a degree of that place a new planet, looking like a star of about the ninth magnitude, and having a perceptible disc.

Page 15 - ... is the great circle in which the plane of the earth's equator cuts the celestial sphere. It is often called the

Page 150 - There are three different kinds of year used, the sidereal, the tropical, and the anomalistic. The sidereal year is the time taken by the earth to complete one revolution around the sun from a given star to the same star again. Its length is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9 seconds. The tropical year is the time included between two successive passages of the vernal equinox by the sun, and since the equinox moves westward 50.

Page 100 - Effect on the Time of Sunrise and Sunset. The horizontal refraction, ranging as it does from 34' to 39', according to temperature, is always somewhat greater than the diameter of either the sun or the moon. At the moment, therefore, when the sun's lower limb appears to be just rising, the whole disc is really below the plane of the horizon; and the time of sunrise in our latitudes is thus accelerated from two to four minutes, according to the inclination of the sun's diurnal circle to the horizon,...

Page 161 - This path turns out to be (very nearly) a great circle, inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of about 5° 8'.

Page 169 - Then again when the moon is rising we look over its upper, which is then its western edge, seeing a little more of that part of the moon than if we were observing it from the centre of the earth.

Page 161 - When the ascending node of the moon's orbit coincides with the vernal equinox, the angle between the moon's path and the celestial § 1*2] INTERVAL BETWEEN MOON'S TRANSITS. 91 equator is 23° 28...

Page 265 - The radius vector of each planet describes equal areas in equal times. (3) The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun; ie, tj2 : t£ : : ai8 : a23. This is the so-called "Harmonic Law.

Bibliographic information

• Title: Astronomy: A Revision of Young's Manual of Astronomy, Volume 1; Astronomy: A Revision of Young's Manual of Astronomy, Henry Norris Russell
• Authors: Henry Norris Russell, Raymond Smith Dugan, John Quincy Stewart
• Publisher: Ginn and Company, 1926
• Original from: the University of California
• Digitized: Oct 23, 2007