The Latin Language: An Historical Account of Latin Sounds, Stems and Flexions

Wallace Martin Lindsay

Clarendon Press, 1894 - Latin language - 659 pages

Contents

• CHAPTER II: 13
• Descriptions of the Esound by Latin phoneticians c: 20
• SEC PAGE 17 Interchange of i and e: 29
• in hiatus: 30
• Descriptions of the Osound by Latin phoneticians: 32
• u for unaccented õ: 33
• Other changes of o and ō: 34
• Descriptions of the Usound by Latin phoneticians: 35
• Greek v in Latin: 36
• o for ŭ: 37
• Grammarians account of diphthongs: 39
• Ter Maurus on au: 40
• a for au: 41
• Greek transcriptions of au: 42
• ai for ae: 43
• oe and e: 44
• J V: 45
• Testimony of grammarians: 47
• jand vin early Latin: 48
• in late Latin and Romance: 49
• Intervocalic v dropped: 52
• ai ei before a vowel: 53
• Testimony of grammarians: 55
• h between vowels: 57
• M N: 60
• Phonetic descriptions of normal m n: 65
• Final m: 67
• SEC PAGE 66 ns: 69
• gn: 70
• Tenues and mediae: 71
• Greek tenues in loanwords: 74
• Confusion of mediae and tenues in Latin words: 75
• Mediae and tenues at end of word: 76
• Mediae and tenues in the Dialects: 77
• B P: 78
• bs bt: 79
• bm mb: 80
• Phonetic descriptions of d t: 82
• tl: 83
• K C G QU GU: 84
• Phonetic descriptions of the Gutturals: 86
• c g before narrow vowels: 87
• ct tt: 89
• Phonetic descriptions of 1: 91
• The grammarians on the pronunciation of 1: 92
• Parasitic vowel with 1 r: 93
• Avoidance of two rs: 95
• rs: 96
• rl: 97
• ly: 98
• Descriptions of the sound of f: 100
• S X Z ΙΟΙ: 101
• Phonetic descriptions of s x: 103
• Greek Latin z: 104
• Old Roman z: 105
• s before a consonant: 107
• Final s: 108
• Testimony of the grammarians: 110
• Confusion of single and double letter in Latin: 113
• Double consonants in Italian: 118
• Final double consonant: 119
• Sandhi in Latin: 121
• Latin Doublets: 122
• Dropping of final consonants in Romance: 124
• Testimony of grammarians: 125
• Quantity: 126
• Position: 129
• Shortening of long vowel before another vowel: 131
• Change in quantity of vowel before certain consonantgroups: 133
• r with consonant: 140
• s with consonant: 141
• with consonant: 142
• Vowelcontraction in compounds in the early dramatists: 143
• Synizesis in Late and Vulgar Latin: 144
• Parasitic vowels: 145
• CHAPTER III: 148
• Testimony of the grammarians 1 On the Nature of the Latin Accent: 154
• Accentuation of Greek loanwords: 155
• Romance Accentuation: 156
• SEC PAGE: 157
• Change of Unaccented Vowels: 185
• Other Examples I Syllables long by position: 191
• Change and Shortening of Vowel in Unaccented Final Syllable: 203
• Final long vowel in Hiatus: 209
• SEC PAGE 50 Shortening of Final Syllable long by position: 214
• Shortening of Monosyllables: 215
• Loss of Final Syllable with m: 216
• CHAPTER IV: 219
• Latin a for I Eur ā: 221
• Eur å: 223
• Lat é for I Eur ē: 224
• for ē: 225
• Latin ě for I Eur ě: 226
• for accented e: 229
• Other examples of Lat i for I Eur í: 232
• Ο: 233
• Latin o for I Eur ö: 234
• Latin å for I Eur ö under influence of v: 235
• Ū: 237
• Latin ŭ for I Eur ü: 238
• Latin ŭ and Latin ö: 239
• ΑΙ: 241
• Eur ai Latin ae ai: 242
• Other examples: 243
• Other examples of I Eur ei: 244
• EU: 245
• Other examples of I Eur eu: 246
• Other examples of I Eur oi: 247
• OU: 248
• Other examples of I Eur ou: 249
• SEC PAGE: 250
• å0: 259
• N: 271
• n for r: 278
• Other examples of I Eur t: 284
• The Gutturals: 290
• Other examples of I Eur gh: 297
• SEC PAGE 141 Dialectal b: 302
• S Z: 303
• Eur s Latins other examples: 305
• Initial sibilant before consonant: 306
• Latin stl sl sel: 307
• Sibilant before r in middle of word: 308
• Assimilation of preceding dental to the sibilant: 309
• Other examples: 310
• Assimilation of Consonants: 311
• Assimilation in Preposition compounded with Verb: 313
• Other examples of Assimilation: 314
• Assimilation of Syllables: 315
• CHAPTER V: 316
• Latin Õ and Asuffixes other examples: 318
• UÕ UA: 322
• Latin Verbal Adjectives in uus īvus tīvus: 323
• NO NA: 324
• Eur NOsuffix: 326
• MĚNO MĚNĀ: 327
• MO MĀ: 328
• Other examples of the ROsuffix: 330
• Eur dhro: 331
• SEC PAGE 22 Adjectives formed by the LOsuffix: 332
• Diminutives: 333
• The suffix dhlo: 334
• Participles in tus: 335
• Abstract Nouns in ta sa: 336
• Adjectives with the KOsuffix: 337
• Ť: 338
• NI: 339
• Other examples of Latin li ri: 340
• Other examples of the suffix ti in Latin: 341
• Adjectival tiforto in Latin: 342
• Other examples of Ustems in Latin: 343
• Other examples of TUstems: 344
• Other examples of Latin Fems in i ic c: 347
• Suffixes ending in n Nouns of third Decl EN YEN WEN MEN: 348
• Masc ENstems in Latin: 349
• ER and TER: 350
• Other examples of Latin Tstems: 351
• NT: 352
• Other examples of Latin ōsus: 353
• Other examples: 354
• Other examples: 355
• Adjective ESstems: 356
• Other S stems: 357
• Suffixless stems at end of Compounds in Latin: 358
• Reduplicated Nouns and Adjectives in Latin: 363
• Ostems: 364
• Rstems: 365
• CHAPTER VI: 366
• Nom Sing I Masc Fem: 371
• Nom Sing of Astems in Latin: 373
• ROstems: 374
• YOstems: 375
• Sstems: 376
• Diphthong stems: 377
• Ostems: 378
• Rstems: 379
• Astems: 381
• Fifth Deel Stems: 382
• Ostems and IOstems: 383
• Ustems: 384
• Dat Sing: 385
• SEC PAGE 24 Astems: 386
• Ostems: 387
• The endings im and em: 388
• Other examples: 389
• Abl Sing: 390
• O Latin Abl with d: 391
• Istem and Cons stem Abl in i and e: 392
• Locative Sing: 395
• Locatives in i and e in Latin: 396
• Astems c: 397
• Astems: 398
• Istems: 399
• Gen Plur: 401
• um and orum in Ostems: 402
• A and Õstems: 403
• Other stems: 404
• The Comparative Suffixes: 406
• The Superlative Suffixes: 407
• NUMERALS: 408
• One: 409
• Unus: 410
• Duo: 411
• Three: 412
• Four: 413
• Quattuor: 414
• Six: 415
• Ten: 416
• SEC PAGE: 417
• Reflexive: 424
• O Latin so: 432
• Ipse: 440
• The stem quu: 446
• The Pronouns in Romance: 452
• SEC PAGE 3 II THE TENSESTEMS Strong Aorist and Sformations: 459
• Strong Aorist forms in Latin: 464
• Old Latin forms with ss s: 465
• A Present 1 With Egrade of root and Thematic Vowel: 466
• Other examples: 467
• 2 With reduplicated root: 468
• 3 With root nasalized i With nasal infix ii With nasal affix: 469
• Other examples of nasal infix: 471
• Other examples of nasal affix: 472
• in the third Conjugation Presents with YOsuffix: 475
• Of weak grade roots: 476
• 5 Inceptives in skö sko: 477
• Latin Desideratives in turio: 478
• Other examples of Latin Inceptives: 479
• Of Latin Causatives c: 481
• Of Latin Desideratives: 482
• Of Latin Derivative verbs with YÖsuffix: 483
• Of other Verbsuffixes: 486
• 33a The Conjugations in Romance: 488
• B Imperfect: 489
• Fourth Conj Impft in ībam: 491
• Fourth Conj Fut in ibo: 493
• Perfect: 494
• O Latin duovicesimus 417: 496
• Other examples of Reduplicated forms: 501
• Form of Reduplication: 502
• Assimilation of Reduplicationvowel to Stemvowel: 503
• Coexistent Reduplicated and Unreduplicated forms: 504
• Origin of the Perfect in viui: 505
• Shortened forms of the Perfect in vi: 506
• Shortened forms of the Perfect in si: 508
• Some Irregular Perfects: 509
• Some O Latin Subj and Opt forms: 516
• Athematic Sg of fero võlo 526: 526
• Use of re and ris: 533
• Pres Part Act: 541
• Irregular Verbs in Romance: 547
• CHAPTER IX: 548
• Nominative Adverbforms: 553
• Genitive Adverbforms: 555
• Ablative Instr and Locative Adverbforms: 559
• Adverbs intus: 561
• Adverbial wordgroups and compounds: 562
• Other Adverbs: 565
• Numeral Adverbs in ies: 567
• PREPOSITIONS: 572
• Ab ap po abs a au af absque: 575
• Ab abs a: 577
• An: 578
• Apud: 579
• Clam clanculum: 580
• Com cum with and co: 581
• Dis: 582
• Erga ergo: 583
• Extra: 584
• Infra: 585
• Palam: 586
• Po: 588
• Poste postid pos pō: 589
• Pro por: 590
• CHAPTER X: 596
• Interjections: 616

Popular passages

Page 305 - Fusti, dosi, arbosem, robosem, /telusa « holera », loebesum « liberum » usw. ; »aurum ... alii a Sabinis translatum putant, quod lili ausum dicebant » (Paul. Fest. 6.36 Th) ; « Aureliam familiam ex Sabinis oriundam a Sole dictam putant, quod ei publice a populo Romano datus sit locus, in quo sacra faceret Soli, qui ex hoc Auseli dicebantur, ut Valesti, Papisti prò eo quod est Valerii, Papirii

Page 59 - Quinieo ego ipse, cum scirem ita maiores locutos esse, ut nusquam nisi in vocali aspiratione uterentur, loquebar sic, ut pulcros, Cetegos, triumpos, Cartaginem dicerem; aliquando, idque sero, convicio aurium cum extorta mihi veritas esset, usum loquendi populo concessi, scientiam mihi reservavi. Orcivios tarnen et Matones, Otones, Caepiones, sepulcra, coronas, lacrimas dicimus, quia per aurium iudicium licet.

Page 145 - Sed Graeci viderint; nobis ne si cupiamus quidem distrahere voces conceditur. Indicant orationes illae ipsae horridulae Catonis, indicant omnes...

Page 152 - Romans by birth; they were usually Greeks, and would have the same difficulties in describing the Latin Accent as a Frenchman in describing the strong stressaccent of English. These considerations may explain how it is that only a few statements of the writers on Latin Grammar are rid of the terms 'high...

Page 87 - Illud nunc melius, quod cui tribus, quas praeposui, litteris enotamus ; in quo pueris nobis ad pinguem sane sonum qu et oi utebantur, tantum ut ab illo qui distingueretur.

Page 100 - Cicero adieit v, non earn quae accipitur pro vocali, sed earn quae consonantis obtinet vicem, et anteposita vocali fit ut aliae quoque consonantes...

Page 373 - et « Plato » (nam sic eum Cicero quoque appellat) dicerentur retinuerunt, quia Latinum quod o et n litteris finiretur non " reperiebant. Ne in a quidem atque s litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur, ideoque et apud Caelium legimus

Page 20 - Servius (Keil 4, 421, 16 ff.): «ex (vocalibus) duae e et o aliter sonant productae, aliter correptae . . . e quando producitur, vicinum est ad sonum i litterae, ut meta; quando autem correptum, vicinum est ad sonum diphthongi, ut equus.

Page 11 - Latinae his verbis: ut Ion scribit, quinta vicesima est litera, quam vocant agma, cuius forma nulla est et vox communis est Graecis et Latinis, ut his verbis: 'aggulus', 'aggens', 'agguilla'. 'iggerunt'. in eiusmodi Graeci et Accius noster bina g scribunt, alii n et g, quod in hoc veritatem videre facile non est. similiter 'agceps', 'agcora...

Bibliographic information

• Title: The Latin Language: An Historical Account of Latin Sounds, Stems and Flexions
• Author: Wallace Martin Lindsay
• Publisher: Clarendon Press, 1894
• Original from: the University of Michigan
• Digitized: Feb 12, 2007
• Length: 659 pages