Reproduction and Development of Shallow-water Asteroids and an Echinoid in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica |
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abundance adjacent to McMurdo adult antarctic antarctic echinoids approximately asteroid Odontaster validus Asteroidea asteroids austral spring benthic benthos Biol bipinnaria blastulae brachiolaria brooding buoyant CALIFORNIA/SANTA CRUZ UNIVERSITY Cape Armitage Cape Evans Chapter Chia ciliated blastulae Clark collected CRUZ The University culture vessels days after fertilization demersal developmental stages diameter early echinoderm larvae echinoderms echinoid echinoplutei eggs embryos and larvae Emlet fauna fecundity feeding larvae females gastrulae invertebrates J.S. Pearse larval development larval stages lecithotrophic development lecithotrophic larvae Library The University lobe marine benthic invertebrates marine invertebrates McClintock McMurdo Sound McMurdo Station metamorphosis mode of development non-feeding larvae observed oocytes Pearse and Bosch pelagic phytoplankton Picken plankton planktotrophic larvae populations Porania antarctica Porania sp reproductive strategies Rivkin SANTA CRUZ sea ice sea star sea urchin shallow waters shallow-water spawning species Sterechinus neumayeri Strathmann Table Thorson University Library UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA/SANTA waters of McMurdo yolky