Rock Quality, Seismic Velocity, Attenuation and AnisotropySeismic measurements take many forms, and appear to have a universal role in the Earth Sciences. They are the means for most easily and economically interpreting what lies beneath the visible surface. There are huge economic rewards and losses to be made when interpreting the shallow crust or subsurface more, or less accurately, as the case may be. |
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amplitude anisotropy aperture assumed attenuation azimuthal Barton basalt behaviour borehole caused Chapter coda Q compliance correlation crack density Crampin cross-hole crustal deformation modulus depth drilling dynamic earthquake effective stress elastic estimated fault fluid fractures frequency Geophys Geophysics gradient hydraulic increase interpretation joint or fracture joint sets jointed rock km/s laboratory layer limestone loading lower Lugeon magnitude matrix measurements microcracks MPa/mm near-surface normal stiffness normal stress oceanic crust P-wave velocity parallel permeability Poisson's Poisson's ratio pore pressure porosity Qseis range reduced refraction relation reservoir rock joints rock mass quality rock mechanics rock quality samples sandstone saturation scale seismic Q seismic refraction seismic tomography seismic velocity seismic waves shale shallow shear strength shear wave splitting shear-wave shown in Figure shows sonic logging static stress levels tests tion trends tunnel uniaxial values velocity anisotropy vertical zone