Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions

George F. Peterken

Cambridge University Press, Mar 28, 1996 - Nature - 522 pages

An appreciation of the natural processes of woodlands is essential for the development of a rationale and practices for woodland nature conservation and management. In this book, Dr. Peterken describes how woodlands grow, die, and regenerate in the absence of human influence, and the structures and range of habitats found in natural woods. He describes examples of virgin and old-growth forests in Europe and North America, and outlines the dynamics and structure of natural temperate woodlands. This knowledge is then applied to nature conservation issues in British woods and forests, particularly the maintenance of "untouched" reserves, the management of native broadleaved woods, and the design of coniferous plantations. Natural Woodlands is a fascinating account of woodland natural history for all those concerned with the management and ecology of natural or commercial woodlands.

Contents

• WOODLAND NATURE AND HISTORY A PERSONAL INTRODUCTION: 3
• 11 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NATURAL WOODLAND: 4
• 12 HISTORY AS AN ELEMENT IN WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 5
• 13 LIMITATIONS OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH: 6
• 14 AIMS OF THIS BOOK: 7
• 15 A DEDICATION: 8
• DEFINITIONS VALUES AND PHILOSOPHIES: 10
• 21 THE CONCEPT OF NATURALNESS: 11
• 22 DEFINITIONS OF NATURAL WOODLAND: 12
• 23 DEFINITIONS OF RELATED TERMS: 15
• 24 THE SCIENTIFIC VALUES OF NATURAL WOODLAND: 19
• 25 THE CULTURAL VALUES OF NATURAL WOODLAND: 23
• 26 HISTORICAL ROOTS OF NATURE CONSERVATION: 27
• 27 FORESTERS AND NATURE CONSERVATIONISTS: 29
• NATURAL WOODLAND IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA: 33
• 31 FOREST TYPES IN EUROPE: 34
• 32 VIRGIN FOREST REMNANTS IN EUROPE: 37
• 33 ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF EUROPEAN VIRGIN FORESTS: 42
• 34 FOREST TYPES IN NORTH AMERICA: 45
• 35 DESTRUCTION AND SURVIVAL OF OLDGROWTH IN NORTH AMERICA: 48
• 36 INDIAN INFLUENCES ON NORTH AMERICAN OLDGROWTH: 51
• 37 CONCLUSIONS: 52
• TEMPERATE AND BOREAL NATURAL FORESTS: 55
• SELECTED VIRGIN FORESTS: 57
• 41 PISGAH FOREST NEW HAMPSHIRE: 58
• 42 JOYCE KILMER MEMORIAL FOREST NORTH CAROLINA: 63
• 43 WILLIAM L HUTCHESON MEMORIAL FOREST NEW JERSEY: 70
• 44 BIALOWIEZA FOREST POLAND: 73
• 45 HOH AND QUEETS VALLEYS OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK WASHINGTON: 80
• DISTURBANCE IN NATURAL WOODLAND: 86
• 51 DEFINITION OF DISTURBANCE: 87
• 52 WIND: 88
• 53 GAPS: 91
• 54 BIOTIC DISTURBANCES: 95
• 55 DROUGHT: 99
• 56 FIRE: 100
• 57 ICE AND SNOW: 106
• 58 LANDSLIPS AND OTHER PHYSICAL DISTURBANCES: 107
• 59 FLOODPLAINS: 108
• 510 DISTURBANCES AND SUCCESSIONAL TIME: 109
• 511 DISTURBANCE REGIMES: 112
• 512 CONCLUSIONS: 115
• SUCCESSION AFTER CATASTROPHIC DISTURBANCES: 117
• 61 DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST STANDS: 118
• 62 SUCCESSION IN THE GROUND VEGETATION: 123
• 63 LONGTERM SUCCESSIONS: 125
• 64 EARLY MODELS OF SUCCESSION: 128
• 65 BIOMASS ACCUMULATION MODEL OF BORMANN AND LIKENS: 131
• 66 SUCCESSION MODELS IN TERMS OF SPECIES: 132
• 67 THE DIVERSITY OF SUCCESSIONS: 135
• STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS OF OLDGROWTH FORESTS: 140
• 71 REGENERATION WITHIN ESTABLISHED WOODLAND: 141
• 72 AGE AND DIMENSIONS OF TREES AND STANDS: 149
• 73 MORTALITY IN OLDGROWTH STANDS: 151
• 74 AGESTRUCTURE AT THE STAND SCALE: 155
• 75 STANDSTRUCTURES: 164
• 76 PATCHINESS IN STANDSTRUCTURE: 168
• 77 DIVERSITY AND STABILITY IN COMPOSITION: 175
• 78 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONIFERS AND BROADLEAVES: 178
• 79 ANALOGUES OF SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS: 180
• 710 FLOODPLAIN FORESTS: 183
• COMPONENTS OF THE FOREST: 187
• 81 DEAD WOOD: 188
• 82 SOILS: 194
• 83 PERMANENT OPEN SPACES: 197
• 84 WATERCOURSES AND RIPARIAN ZONES: 204
• WILDLIFE OF NATURAL FORESTS: 208
• 91 NATURAL SPECIES DIVERSITY IN TEMPERATE FORESTS: 209
• 92 FOREST HABITATS AND WILDLIFE: 211
• 93 OLDGROWTH AS HABITAT: 213
• 94 VERTEBRATES ASSOCIATED WITH OLDGROWTH: 216
• 95 FIELD LAYER COMMUNITIES IN UNDISTURBED OLDGROWTH: 218
• 96 THE FLORA OF GAPS: 221
• 97 THE FAUNA OF OPEN SPACES: 222
• 98 LARGE MAMMALS IN NATURAL FORESTS: 223
• 99 WILDLIFE OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS WITHIN FORESTS: 225
• VIRGIN FOREST REMNANTS: 227
• HUMAN IMPACTS ON NATURAL FORESTS IN NORTH AMERICA: 229
• 101 FORESTS AND PEOPLE IN PETERSHAM CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS: 230
• 102 FRAGMENTATION AND CHANGES IN FOREST PATTERN: 233
• 103 IMPACTS WITHIN THE FOREST: 236
• 104 CHANGES IN THE FOREST SURROUNDINGS: 240
• 105 SECONDARY WOODLAND: 242
• 106 COMPARISON BETWEEN OLDGROWTH AND SECONDGROWTH AT THE SITE SCALE: 244
• 107 REGIONAL CHANGES DUE TO LOGGING: 248
• 108 REGIONAL CHANGES IN FARMED AREAS: 253
• 109 OVERVIEW OF CHANGES IN THE FORESTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA: 257
• WILDLIFE RESPONSES TO THE MODIFICATION OF NATURAL FORESTS: 260
• 111 DECLINE OF FOREST MAMMALS: 261
• 112 CHANGES IN FOREST BIRDS: 262
• 113 CHANGES IN EUROPEAN FOREST BIRDS: 264
• 114 A FRAMEWORK FOR WILDLIFE RESPONSES: 266
• 115 RESPONSES OF ORIGINAL FOREST INVERTEBRATES: 267
• 116 REDISTRIBUTION OF THE INVERTEBRATES OF OPEN SPACES: 269
• 117 CHANGES IN RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS: 270
• 118 GENERAL CHANGES IN THE FLORA: 271
• 119 RELICT DISTRIBUTIONS OF PLANT SPECIES: 272
• 1110 ENTRY OF SPECIES FROM THE MATRIX INTO REMNANT FORESTS: 274
• 1111 CHANGES IN DIVERSITY: 276
• 1112 CONCLUSIONS: 278
• PROTECTING VIRGIN FOREST REMNANTS: 279
• 121 RECENT DESTRUCTION OF VIRGIN OLDGROWTH: 280
• 122 SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROTECTED NATURAL FORESTS: 282
• 123 MOTIVATIONS FOR PROTECTING NATURAL FORESTS: 284
• 124 RESERVES AS REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PRISTINE LANDSCAPE: 285
• 125 STABILITY AND SCALE IN NATURAL RESERVES: 286
• 126 SURVIVAL OF SPECIES IN NATURAL FOREST RESERVES: 288
• 127 INFLUENCE OF SURROUNDINGS ON NATURAL RESERVES: 289
• 128 IMPROVING THE PROTECTION OF VIRGIN AND OLDGROWTH RESERVES: 292
• 129 CAN VIRGIN OLDGROWTH RESERVES BE NATURAL?: 295
• NATURAL FEATURES IN THE CONSERVATION OF BRITISH WOODLAND: 297
• WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT RATIONALE AND PRACTICE: 299
• 131 NATURE CONSERVATION IN BRITAIN: 301
• 132 SPECIAL FEATURES RELATING TO WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 303
• 133 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BRITISH WOODLAND WILDLIFE: 305
• 134 OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITIES OF WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 310
• 135 VALUE OF ANCIENT SEMINATURAL WOODS: 316
• 136 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 317
• 137 WOODLAND NATURE RESERVES: 318
• 138 CONSERVATIVE CONSERVATION IN WOODLAND: 321
• 139 ECOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS BEHIND WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 322
• BRITISH NATURAL WOODLAND: 325
• 141 ORIGINALNATURAL WOODLAND: 326
• 142 NATURAL LONGTERM TRENDS: 327
• 143 WIND AS A COMPONENT OF THE NATURAL DISTURBANCE REGIME: 328
• 144 OTHER NATURAL DISTURBANCES: 335
• 145 PRESENTNATURAL WOODLAND: 340
• 146 FUTURENATURAL WOODLAND: 349
• 147 CONCLUSION: 351
• RECONSTRUCTING BRITISH NATURAL WOODLAND: 352
• 151 NATURAL RESTORATION FROM ANCIENT SEMINATURAL WOODLAND: 353
• 152 NATURAL SECONDARY SUCCESSION: 362
• 153 CHOICE OF OBJECTIVES FOR RESTORING NATURAL WOODLAND: 369
• 155 RESTORING SITE AND SOIL: 370
• 156 CONTROLLING STAND COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE: 371
• 157 ACCEPTING AND SIMULATING NATURAL DISTURBANCES: 373
• 158 CONTROL OF WOODLAND FAUNA AND FLORA: 374
• 159 INSULATING NATURAL RESERVES FROM THE LANDSCAPE: 378
• 1510 PLANTING NEW ORIGINALNATURAL WOODLAND: 379
• 1511 RESEARCH AS A BASIS FOR RECREATING NATURAL WOODLAND: 381
• MANAGEMENT OF BROADLEAVED WOODLAND: 383
• 161 TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF BROADLEAVED WOODLAND: 384
• 162 HIGH FOREST SYSTEMS: 392
• 163 DEAD WOOD IN MANAGED WOODLAND: 396
• 164 OPEN SPACES IN MANAGED WOODLAND: 398
• 165 RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE LANDSCAPE: 405
• 166 COMPARISON BETWEEN NATURAL AND MANAGED BROADLEAVED WOODLAND: 408
• 167 CHOICE OF SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM: 410
• 168 NATURAL REGENERATION AND PLANTING: 414
• 169 COMPOSITION: 416
• 1610 MATURITY: 419
• 1611 MANAGEMENT OF PERMANENT OPEN SPACES: 421
• 1613 BROADLEAVED AFFORESTATION: 422
• 1614 NATURAL ELEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BROADLEAVED WOODLAND: 423
• DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF UPLAND CONIFER PLANTATIONS: 425
• 171 THE SCALE OF CONIFER AFFORESTATION: 426
• DESCRIPTION AND DEVELOPMENT: 427
• 173 HABITAT SYSTEMS: 430
• 174 ECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AND AROUND PLANTATIONS: 441
• 175 CONTROVERSY AND AFFORESTATION: 447
• 176 LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION AND NATURE CONSERVATION: 448
• 177 NATURE CONSERVATION AND PLANTATION MANAGEMENT: 451
• 178 MANAGEMENT OF OPEN SPACES: 456
• 179 WHOLE FOREST DESIGN: 458
• 1710 NATIVE PINEWOODS: 459
• 1711 FOREST DISTRIBUTION: 462
• PRIORITIES IN WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 464
• 181 THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF WOODLAND NATURE CONSERVATION: 465
• 182 WOODLAND NATURE RESERVES: 467
• 183 RESEARCH ON WOODLAND NATURE RESERVES: 470
• 184 MANAGEMENT OF ANCIENT WOODLAND: 472
• 185 MANAGEMENT OF BROADLEAVED WOODLAND: 475
• 186 UPLAND FORESTS: 477
• 187 RESTORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOODS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS: 478
• 188 RESTORING LOST FOREST TYPES: 480
• 189 THE FORESTRY PROFESSION: 482
• SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF NORTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN TREES AND SHRUBS: 487
• BIBLIOGRAPHY: 491
• INDEX TO TREES AND SHRUBS: 512
• SITE INDEX: 515
• SUBJECT INDEX: 518

Bibliographic information

• Title: Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions; Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions, George Frederick Peterken
• Author: George F. Peterken
• Edition: illustrated, reprint
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 1996
• ISBN: 0521367921, 9780521367929
• Length: 522 pages
• Subjects: Nature / Ecosystems & Habitats / Forests & Rainforests; Nature / Environmental Conservation & Protection; Nature / Natural Resources; Science / Life Sciences / Biology; Science / Life Sciences / Botany; Science / Life Sciences / Ecology; Science / Life Sciences / Horticulture