The Psychology of HopeA dynamic and systematic new approach to experimental and clinical psychology. The author uses a wide range of data from a vast number of experimental and clinical studies to demonstrate how the different levels of expectation and goal achievement can be studied objectively. Building from simple to highly complex schemas, he conceptualizes hope and its counterpart, hopelessness, as both necessary and vital to motivation, action and non-action (lethargy) in animal as well as human behaviour. |
Contents
The Theory | 7 |
Hope and Anxiety | 28 |
Schemas About Action | 53 |
Copyright | |
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ability able achieve action activities animals anxiety appear approach attainment avoid become behavior better chapter communication completely concept concern condition consistent described determine develop difficulties direct effect escape example expectations experience experimental face factors failed failure fear feel frustration function gave given goal greater higher order schema hope hopelessness hospital important improvement increased indicated individual individual's influence interpretation invoked Journal later lead learning less lower mental motivation normals occur organism pain patients perceived perception performance persistence person physical placed poor positive possible present probability problem Proposition Psychology rats reaction reasoning received reduce reinforcement relationship reports response result schizophrenics shock showed similar simply situation social staff studies subjects success task tend theory therapists therapy tion told trained treatment trials variety ward