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absorption achieved acid Acta activity adsorbed ammonia amperometric Anal antibody antigen application assay binding biological biorecognition biosensor carbon catalytic cell Chapter Chem chemical chemiluminescent Chim complex concentration conducting constant covalently dehydrogenase device diffusion electrochemical electrode surface electrolyte electron transfer employed enzyme electrode enzyme kinetics enzyme layer equilibrium example ferrocene fibre film fluorescence glucose oxidase glutaraldehyde halothane hydrogen immobilized immunoassay indicator interactions interface involved ion-selective electrodes ISFET Karube kinetics labelled linear matrix measurement mediator membrane metal molecule monitoring mV/decade NAD+ NADH optical overpotential oxidation oxygen oxygen electrode p-type p-type semiconductor parameter penicillin peroxide piezoelectric polymer polypyrrole potentiometric probe produced protein range reaction reagents Rechnitz reduced reflection response sample selectivity semiconductor sensitivity sensor showed signal silicon solution substrate surface plasmon technique thickness transducer urea urease valence band versus SCE voltage wave waveguide wavelength