Habitat Suitability and Distribution Models: with Applications in RThis book introduces the key stages of niche-based habitat suitability model building, evaluation and prediction required for understanding and predicting future patterns of species and biodiversity. Beginning with the main theory behind ecological niches and species distributions, the book proceeds through all major steps of model building, from conceptualization and model training to model evaluation and spatio-temporal predictions. Extensive examples using R support graduate students and researchers in quantifying ecological niches and predicting species distributions with their own data, and help to address key environmental and conservation problems. Reflecting this highly active field of research, the book incorporates the latest developments from informatics and statistics, as well as using data from remote sources such as satellite imagery. A website at www.unil.ch/hsdm contains the codes and supporting material required to run the examples and teach courses. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
Overview Principles Theory | 9 |
What Drives Species Distributions? | 21 |
Basic Modeling | 41 |
Assumptions Behind Habitat Suitability Models | 52 |
Data Acquisition Sampling Design | 59 |
Issues of Resolution | 135 |
Modeling Approaches and Model | 151 |
Ensemble Modeling and Model Averaging | 224 |
Errors | 237 |
Which Metrics | 241 |
Which Data | 270 |
Predictions in Space and Time | 301 |
Datasets and Tools Used for the Examples | 351 |
The Biomod2 Modeling Package Examples | 357 |
Laurus Species | 385 |
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absence algorithms analyses Araújo assess Austin bio3 bio7 bioclim bioll biotic black and white bootstrap Chapter classes color version color.gradient correlation cross-validation data frame database dataset defined ecological ecological niche elevation Elith ENFA ensemble modeling environment environmental gradients environmental niche environmental predictors environmental variables error evaluation example extent figure will appear formats function fundamental niche geographic global grid Guisan and Thuiller Guisan and Zimmermann habitat suitability modeling HSMs interactions Landsat linear mammals_data maps Maxent methods metrics models fitted observations optimal overfitting parameters pixel plate section plot potential predictor variables presence procedure projections random forest range raster realized niche red fox regression trees resampling response curves response variable Sampling Design selection shapefile show.scale space spatial autocorrelation spatial predictions spatial resolution Spatial Scales species distributions SPECIES Larus statistical study area temperature threshold tion values Vulpes vulpes white version Worldclim