Decentralization of the Socialist State: Intergovernmental Finance in Transition EconomiesRichard Miller Bird, Robert D. Ebel, Christine Wallich International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1995 - Business & Economics - 443 pages World Bank Discussion Paper No. 271. This study incorporates data from comparable surveys across five African countries--Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Senegal, and Tanzania--to analyze how small and micro enterprises have been positively and negatively affected by policy liberalization schemes. Some grow rapidly by adapting their products, while others stagnate because of import competition and increased self- employment. Comparisons were made between small firms, with 6 to 49 workers, and microenterprises, with fewer than 6. The study suggests a two-pronged strategy: (1) to facilitate widespread participation in microenterprises, broad measures are needed to lower the costs of entry, generate demand for their goods and services, raise the educational level and incomes of the poor, and encourage informal financial institutions; (2) to stimulate growth of potentially dynamic enterprises, well-targeted measures may be appropriate to lower the costs of entry, increase access to credit, and provide demand-driven business services. Also available in French (ISBN 0-8213-3907-0) Stock No. 13907. |
Contents
Ethnic | 10 |
Charles E McLure Jr is senior fellow at the Hoover Institution | 14 |
Maps | 68 |
Copyright | |
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accountability administrative Albania allocation Amount percent areas assets autonomy borrowing Budapest budget budgetary Bulgaria capital central government chapter cost countries deficit districts efficiency enterprises enues ernment example expenditure assignment expenditure responsibilities extrabudgetary fees Fiscal Federalism formula functions funds gmina gminy Hungary increase infrastructure intergovernmental fiscal investment jurisdictions level of government levied local governments localities macroeconomic ments Ministry of Finance municipalities national tax normative grant oblasts own-source revenues ownership personal income tax Poland political population powiat privatization property tax public services rayons reform regime regional revenue assignment revenue sources Romania Russia Russian Federation Self-Government shared taxes social assistance spending structure subnational governments subnational level subsidies surcharge tax assignment tax base tax rates tax revenues tax sharing tion total revenues transition economies Ukraine user charges value added tax voivodships World Bank