Ladoga and Onego - Great European Lakes: Observations and Modeling

Leonid Rukhovets, Nikolai Filatov

Springer Science & Business Media, Mar 11, 2010 - Science - 308 pages

Lakes Ladoga and Onego are the greatest lakes in Europe. With a surface area of 17891 km2 and a volume of 902 km3, the former is one of the top fifteen world’s freshwater lakes and is only slightly smaller than Lake Ontario. Lake Onego’s surface area is 9600 km2 and it has a volume of 292 km3. The watershed of Lake Ladoga (258000 km2) extends through Northwestern European Russia and the eastern part of Finland, including the large Lakes Ilmen and Saimaa, and together these Great European Lakes are an important link in the Caspian-Baltic-White Sea waterway system. Their ecological state affects the water quality of the Neva River, the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea. Thus any changes affect the operational use, environmental protection and management of water resources of a wide area and concern such issues as drinking, recreation, transport and energy.

The anthropogenic impact on the Lake Onego ecosystem is mostly determined by the sewage waters of the Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga industrial centres, while the river inflow makes the most impact on Lake Ladoga. Although the anthropogenic stress on the water ecosystems of the Great European Lakes has decreased over the last 15 years, there has been some simultaneous evidence of global warming. There is not enough current data to identify the climate-induced changes in lake ecosystems, but there is proof that the main cause of lacustrine ecosystem changes is determined by anthropogenic factors.

Coupled thermohydrodynamic and ecosystem models for Lakes Ladoga and Onego have been developed to study the contemporary situation, to understand the main mechanisms of the ecosystem transformation, and to learn what may happen in future under the varying antropogenic impact and climate changes. Lake Ladoga preserves its weak mesotrophic status while Lake Onego can be characterized as oligotrophic. Economic growth during the last seven years has led to the increasing anthropogenic impact on both their ecosystems.

The Great European Lakes are attracting the increasing attention of both researchers and end-users. This book is a synthesis of multifaceted interdisciplinary studies conducted by a team of experts in limnology, geography, biology, mathematical modeling and economy. The editors, Professors Rukhovets and Filatov, are the authors of numerous articles and books and are recognized as the foremost experts in their fields. Professor Rukhovets has been Director of the Institute of Economy and Mathematics in Saint-Petersburg and head of the laboratory of mathematical modeling since 1998 while Professor Filatov is currently Director of the Northern Water Problems Institute in Petrozavodsk, Russia.

Contents

• The Great European Lakes state of the art: 1
• 12 HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF THE LAKES: 9
• 13 CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMPERATURE AND CURRENTS: 14
• 132 Currents and circulations: 23
• 14 THE CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN LAKE LADOGA AND THE DYNAMICS OF ITS WATER ECOSYSTEM: 31
• 142 Phytoplankton in the Lake Ladoga ecosystem: 33
• 143 Bacterioplankton water fungi and destruction processes: 39
• 144 Zooplankton: 41
• 145 The role of the zoobenthos in the ecosystem: 42
• 146 Dissolved organic matter: 44
• 147 The role of seston and bottom sediments in the lake phosphorus cycle: 46
• 15 THE CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN LAKE ONEGO AND ITS WATER ECOSYSTEM: 47
• 151 The phosphorus supply to the Lake Onego ecosystem: 48
• 152 Biological communities in the Lake Onego eutrophication state: 51
• 153 Relation between the primary production and the destruction of organic matter: 59
• 154 Peculiarities of Lake Onego eutrophication: 60
• 16 THE MAIN TENDENCIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF LARGE DEEP STRATIFIED LAKES: 61
• Hydrothermodynamics of large stratified lakes: 66
• STATE OF THE ART PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR THE SIMULATION OF LAKE HYDROTHERMODYNAMICS: 69
• 222 Equations of geophysical hydrodynamics: 70
• 23 A CLIMATIC CIRCULATION MODEL FOR LARGE STRATIFIED LAKES: 73
• 232 Mathematical formulation: 76
• 233 Realization of the model: 78
• 234 Generalized formulations of the mathematical model: 80
• 235 About the discrete model: 83
• Climatic circulation and the thermal regime of the lakes: 85
• 32 ON THE PROBLEM OF SIMULATING CLIMATIC CIRCULATION: 87
• 33 SETTING OF EXTERNAL FORCING: 91
• 34 SIMULATION OF THE LAKE LADOGA CLIMATIC CIRCULATION: 97
• 342 Description and analysis of thermal regime calculation results: 99
• 343 Description and analysis of currents calculation results: 112
• 35 SIMULATION OF THE LAKE ONEGO CLIMATIC CIRCULATION: 122
• 353 The results of currents simulations: 129
• Estimation of the lakes thermohydrodynamic changes under the impact of regional climate change: 133
• 412 Probable climate changes over the lakes catchments: 138
• 413 Estimates of potential changes in the thermal regime of the lakes by 2050: 143
• 42 MODELLING THE THERMOHYDRODYNAMICS OF THE LAKES UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS: 150
• 422 Analysis of the results of simulations: 155
• Threedimensional ecosystem model of a large stratified lake: 163
• 52 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM MATHEMATICAL MODEL: 165
• 53 DISCRETE MODELS: 168
• 531 Discretization of the solution domain: 169
• 532 Reproduction of transport turbulent diffusion and the sedimentation of substances in the model: 171
• 533 Reproduction of the transformation of substances: 173
• 536 Changes in the discrete model with coarsening of the domain decomposition: 175
• Ecosystem models of Lakes Ladoga and Onego: 178
• 62 COMPLEX OF LAKE LADOGA ECOSYSTEM MODELS: 182
• 63 ECOSYSTEM MODEL FOR LAKE ONEGO BASED ON THE TURNOVER OF BIOGENS NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS: 186
• 632 Mathematical formulation of the model: 188
• 633 The discrete model: 192
• 634 Reproduction of Lake Onego annual ecosystem functioning: 197
• 64 LAKE LADOGA PHYTOPLANKTON SUCCESSION ECOSYSTEM MODEL: 206
• 641 Formulation of the model: 208
• 642 The discrete model: 212
• 643 Model verification computation experiments: 218
• 644 Reproduction of phytoplankton succession: 219
• Estimating potential changes in Lakes Ladoga and Onego under human and climatic impact: 227
• 71 MODELLING CHANGES IN THE LAKE LADOGA ECOSYSTEM UNDER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ANTHR...: 228
• 712 Modelling changes in the ecosystem under different scenarios of climate change and changes in the level of anthropogenic loading: 232
• 72 MODELLING CHANGES IN THE LAKE ONEGO ECOSYSTEM UNDER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ANTHROP...: 238
• Lake Ladoga and Lake Onego models of fish communities: 247
• 82 MODEL DESCRIPTION: 249
• 83 THE MODELS STUDY: 254
• Natural resources of Lakes Ladoga and Onego and sustainable development of the region: 260
• 92 ASSIMILATION POTENTIAL OF LAKE ECOSYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION: 268
• 922 Assimilation potential of the natural environment: 271
• 924 Economic quantification of assimilation potential: 273
• 925 Mathematical economic model: 274
• 926 Computational experiments: 276
• Conclusions: 280
• Afterword: 281
• References: 283
• Index: 299

About the author

Leond Aizikovich Rukhovets, professor, Doctor of Sciences, he started to work in Leningradean Branch of Steklov Mathematical Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences in 1959. In this Branch he worked during the period 1959-1965. The next periods 1965-1975,1975-1985 he was the scientific researcher in Lenigradean Branch of Central Institute of Mathematics and Economics, USSR Academy of Scieces and Leningradean Institute of Social and Economical Problems, USSR Academy of Sciences correspondingly. During period 1986-1990 he worked in Limnological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences at Leningrad. He received his doctor's degree in computational mathematics in 1970 from Leningradean Branch of Steklov Mathematical Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences. His dissertation was devoted to study the finite element method (FEM) for solution boudary value problems for differential equations with partial derivatives. Later the interest of his investigations was focused upon the computational geophysicalhydrodynamics, models of large lakes circulation, ecosystem models and its implementation in conservation and managemtnt of water resources. In 1990 he was awarded a Doctor of Sciences degree in physics and mathematics. Leonid Rukhovets is the author more than 130 scientific articles and eight books. He took part in conferences and was visiting scientist in Oceanology Institute of Poland Academy of Sciences (Poland,1989), in Finland (1995, 1996, 1998, 2003,2006), USA(1999), Danmark (1999), Estonia (2006), Canada (2007). From 1998 to present Leonid Rukhovets is working in Institute for Economics and Mathematics at St.Petersburg, RAS as Director of Instirute and a head of the laboratory of mathematical modelling. He is a professor of State Marine Technical University.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Filatov , professor, Ph.D., He start work in limnilogical institute, Academy of Sc. and received his doctorate in geography in 1975 from the State University in Leningrad , where he conducted investigations of currents in Large Lakes. He are working in the Institute for Lakes Research of the Russian (then USSR) Academy of Sciences from 1971-1988 y., where his research interests become focused upon limnological, hydrophisics , and remote sensing.. He was awarded a D.Sc. degree in 1991. He has authored more than 300 scientific articles and 10 books. Now he is working in Nortern Water Problems Instittute as Director of the institute and head of laboratory of Geographical. His research activities continue to be directed toward the remote sensing, limnology and phisics of inland waters. He was visiting scientist in Canada (1979,1990), Austria, in International institute for Applied system analysis(1977), Finland (1983,1990,1993,1995-2002), Sweden (1992,1996, 2001, 2004).He is proffesor of State Pedagogical university (Petrozavodsk), President of Karelian Geographical society.

Bibliographic information

• Title: Ladoga and Onego - Great European Lakes: Observations and Modeling; Springer Praxis Books; Environmental Sciences
• Authors: Leonid Rukhovets, Nikolai Filatov
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010
• ISBN: 3540681450, 9783540681458
• Length: 308 pages
• Subjects: Science / Earth Sciences / General; Science / Earth Sciences / Geography; Science / Earth Sciences / Limnology; Science / Life Sciences / Marine Biology; Technology & Engineering / Remote Sensing & Geographic Information Systems