An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics

Gaylon S. Campbell, John M. Norman

Springer Science & Business Media, Sep 14, 2000 - Science - 286 pages

From reviews of the first edition:
"well organized . . . Recommended as an introductory text for undergraduates"   -- AAAS Science Books and Films

"well written and illustrated"   -- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Contents

• Introduction: 1
• 11 Microenvironments: 3
• 13 Mass and Momentum Transport: 4
• 15 Continuity in the Biosphere: 5
• 16 Models Heterogeneity and Scale: 7
• 17 Applications: 9
• References: 13
• Temperature: 15
• 22 Random Temperature Variation: 18
• 23 Modeling Vertical Variation in Air Temperature: 20
• 24 Modeling Temporal Variation in Air Temperature: 23
• 26 Temperature and Biological Development: 26
• 27 Thermal Time: 28
• 28 Calculating Thermal Time from Weather Data: 30
• 29 Temperature Extremes and the Computation of Thermal Time: 32
• 211 Thermal Time in Relation To Other Environmental Variables: 33
• References: 34
• Problems: 35
• Water Vapor and Other Gases: 37
• 31 Specifying Gas Concentration: 38
• Saturation Conditions: 40
• 33 Condition of Partial Saturation: 42
• 34 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Water Vapor: 47
• 35 Estimating the Vapor Concentration in Air: 49
• References: 50
• Liquid Water in Organisms and their Environment: 53
• 42 Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings: 58
• References: 61
• Wind: 63
• 51 Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence: 64
• 52 Wind as a Vector: 65
• 53 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed: 66
• 54 Finding the Zero Plane Displacement and the Roughness Length: 68
• 55 Wind Within Crop Canopies: 72
• References: 74
• Problems: 75
• Heat and Mass Transport: 77
• 61 Molar Fluxes: 78
• 62 Integration of the Transport Equations: 79
• 64 Resistors and Conductors in Series: 80
• 65 Resistors in Parallel: 81
• Problems: 85
• Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer: 87
• 72 Molecular Diffusivities: 88
• 73 Diffusive Conductance of the Integument: 90
• 74 Turbulent Transport: 93
• 75 Fetch and Buoyancy: 96
• 76 Conductance of the Atmospheric Surface Layer: 97
• 77 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer in Laminar Forced Convection: 99
• 78 Cylinders Spheres and Animal Shapes: 102
• 79 Conductances in Free Convection: 103
• 710 Combined Forced and Free Convection: 105
• 712 Determining the Characteristic Dimension of an Object: 106
• 713 Free Stream Turbulence: 108
• References: 110
• Heat Flow in the Soil: 113
• Volumetric Heat Capacity: 117
• Thermal Conductivity: 119
• 84 Thermal Diffusivity and Admittance of Soils: 123
• 85 Heat Transfer from Animals to a Substrate: 126
• References: 128
• Water Flow in Soil: 129
• 92 Infiltration of Water into Soil: 131
• 93 Redistribution of Water in Soil: 133
• 94 Evaporation from the Soil Surface: 136
• 95 Transpiration and Plant Water Uptake: 139
• 96 The Water Balance: 144
• Radiation Basics: 147
• 101 The Electromagnetic Spectrum: 148
• 102 Blackbody Radiation: 149
• 104 The Cosine Law: 156
• 105 Attenuation of Radiation: 157
• 106 Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation: 159
• 107 Spectral Distribution of Solar and Thermal Radiation: 160
• 108 Radiant Emittance: 162
• References: 165
• Radiation Fluxes in Natural Environments: 167
• 111 Sun Angles and Daylength: 168
• 112 Estimating Direct and Diffuse Shortwave Irradiance: 171
• 113 Solar Radiation under Clouds: 173
• 114 Radiation Balance: 175
• 115 Absorptivities for Thermal and Solar Radiation: 176
• 116 View Factors: 178
• References: 183
• Problems: 184
• Animals and their Environment: 185
• 122 Metabolism: 189
• 123 Latent Heat Exchange: 190
• 124 Conduction of Heat in Animal Coats and Tissue: 194
• 125 Qualitative Analysis of Animal Thermal Response: 197
• 126 Operative Temperature: 198
• 127 Applications of the Energy Budget Equation: 200
• 128 The Transient State: 201
• 129 Complexities of Animal Energetics: 202
• 1210 Animals and Water: 204
• References: 205
• Problems: 206
• Humans and their Environment: 209
• 132 Survival in Cold Environments: 211
• 133 Wind Chill and Standard Operative Temperature: 213
• 134 Survival in Hot Environments: 215
• 135 The Humid Operative Temperature: 219
• 136 Comfort: 220
• References: 222
• Plants and Plant Communities: 223
• 141 Leaf Temperature: 224
• 142 Aerodynamic Temperature of Plant Canopies: 229
• 143 Radiometric Temperature of Plant Canopies: 230
• 144 Transpiration and the Leaf Energy Budget: 231
• 145 Canopy Transpiration: 233
• 146 Photosynthesis: 235
• 148 Biochemical Models for Assimilation: 239
• 149 Control of Stomatal Conductance: 241
• 1410 Optimum Leaf Form: 244
• References: 245
• Problems: 246
• The Light Environment of Plant Canopies: 247
• 152 Detailed Models of Light Interception by Canopies: 250
• 153 Transmission of Diffuse Radiation: 254
• 154 Light Scattering in Canopies: 255
• 156 Transmission of Radiation by Sparse CanopiesSoil Reflectance Effects: 257
• 157 Daily Integration: 258
• 159 Calculating Canopy Assimilation from Leaf Assimilation: 259
• 1510 Remote Sensing of Canopy Cover and IPAR: 264
• 1511 Remote Sensing and Canopy Temperature: 271
• 1512 Canopy Reflectivity Emissivity versus Leaf Reflectivity Emissivity: 273
• 1514 Indirect Sensing of Canopy Architecture: 275
• References: 276
• Problems: 277
• Appendix: 279
• Index: 283

Bibliographic information

• Title: An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics; Modern Acoustics and Signal
• Authors: Gaylon S. Campbell, John M. Norman
• Edition: 2, illustrated, reprint
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 2000
• ISBN: 0387949372, 9780387949376
• Length: 286 pages
• Subjects: Nature / Environmental Conservation & Protection; Science / Earth Sciences / Geology; Science / Environmental Science; Science / Life Sciences / Biophysics; Science / Life Sciences / Botany; Science / Life Sciences / Ecology; Technology & Engineering / Environmental / General