A Theory of Justice: Original EditionJohn Rawls aims to express an essential part of the common core of the democratic tradition—justice as fairness—and to provide an alternative to utilitarianism, which had dominated the Anglo-Saxon tradition of political thought since the nineteenth century. Rawls substitutes the ideal of the social contract as a more satisfactory account of the basic rights and liberties of citizens as free and equal persons. “Each person,” writes Rawls, “possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override.” Advancing the ideas of Rousseau, Kant, Emerson, and Lincoln, Rawls’s theory is as powerful today as it was when first published. |
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... circumstances. It is well established that the subject of one's circumstance can have daunting consequences and opportunities. Yet as biblical and non-spiritual history have revealed, the disposition, social environment, and depending ...
... circumstance of death ; but , Sir , what will become of my soul ? My soul will be in hell . I am not fit to stand ... circumstances appeared to require .. It was not until nine o'clock on Wednesday evening , that I was informed of the ...
... Circumstances: Setting the Scene Kuchah Kuchah Section I Policy Decisions and the Creation of Difficult Circumstances 2 An Almost Invisible 'Difficult Circumstance': The Large Class 29 Hywel Coleman 3 Translanguaging as a Pedagogical ...
... circumstances - in themselves they are neither good nor bad, it is the mental attitude and state of heart that makes them so. A man imagines he could do great things if he were not hampered by circumstances - by want of money, want of ...
... circumstance , we cannot but ob- serve , has something suspicious about it ; and as we have a personal respect for the character of the Coroner of Surry , we ... circumstances , B 2 there- therefore , how does his duty differ from that of 3.
Contents
JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS | 1 |
2 The Subject of Justice | 5 |
3 The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice | 9 |
4 The Original Position and Justification | 15 |
5 Classical Utilitarianism | 20 |
6 Some Related Contrasts | 25 |
7 Intuitionism | 32 |
8 The Priority Problem | 38 |
46 Further Cases of Priority | 296 |
47 The Precepts of Justice | 301 |
48 Legitimate Expectations and Moral Desert | 308 |
49 Comparison with Mixed Conceptions | 313 |
50 The Principle of Perfection | 323 |
DUTY AND OBLIGATION | 331 |
52 The Arguments for the Principle of Fairness | 340 |
53 The Duty To Comply with an Unjust Law | 348 |
9 Some Remarks about Moral Theory | 44 |
THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE | 52 |
11 Two Principles of Justice | 58 |
12 Interpretations of the Second Principle | 63 |
13 Democratic Equality and the Difference Principle | 73 |
14 Fair Equality of Opportunity and Pure Procedural Justice | 81 |
15 Primary Social Goods as the Basis of Expectations | 88 |
16 Relevant Social Positions | 93 |
17 The Tendency to Equality | 98 |
The Principle of Fairness | 106 |
The Natural Duties | 112 |
THE ORIGINAL POSITION | 116 |
21 The Presentation of Alternatives | 120 |
22 The Circumstances of Justice | 124 |
23 The Formal Constraints of the Concept of Right | 128 |
24 The Veil of Ignorance | 134 |
25 The Rationality of the Parties | 140 |
26 The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice | 148 |
27 The Reasoning Leading to the Principle of Average Utility | 159 |
28 Some Difficulties with the Average Principle | 165 |
29 Some Main Grounds for the Two Principles of Justice | 173 |
30 Classical Utilitarianism Impartiality and Benevolence | 181 |
Institutions | 191 |
EQUAL LIBERTY | 193 |
32 The Concept of Liberty | 199 |
33 Equal Liberty of Conscience | 203 |
34 Toleration and the Common Interest | 209 |
35 Toleration of the Intolerant | 214 |
36 Political Justice and the Constitution | 219 |
37 Limitations on the Principle of Participation | 226 |
38 The Rule of Law | 233 |
39 The Priority of Liberty Defined | 241 |
40 The Kantian Interpretation of Justice as Fairness | 249 |
DISTRIBUTIVE SHARES | 256 |
42 Some Remarks about Economic Systems | 263 |
43 Background Institutions for Distributive Justicw | 272 |
44 The Problem of Justice between Generations | 282 |
45 Time Preference | 291 |
54 The Status of Majority Rule | 354 |
55 The Definition of Civil Disobedience | 361 |
56 The Definition of Conscientious Refusal | 366 |
57 The Justification of Civil Disobedience | 369 |
58 The Justification of Conscientious Refusal | 375 |
59 The Role of Civil Disobedience | 380 |
Ends | 391 |
GOODNESS AS RATIONALITY | 393 |
61 The Definition of Good for Simpler Cases | 397 |
62 A Note on Meaning | 402 |
63 The Definition of Good for Plans of Life | 405 |
64 Deliberative Rationality | 414 |
65 the Aristotelian Principle | 422 |
66 The Definition of Good Applied to Person | 431 |
67 SelfRespect Excellences and Shame | 438 |
68 Several Contrasts between the Right and the Good | 444 |
THE SENSE OF JUSTICE | 451 |
70 The Morality of Authority | 460 |
71 The Morality of Association | 465 |
72 The Morality of Principles | 470 |
73 Features of the Moral Sentiments | 477 |
74 The Connection between Moral and Natural Attitudes | 483 |
75 The Principles of Moral Psychology | 488 |
76 The Problem of Relative Stability | 494 |
77 The Basis of Equality | 502 |
THE GOOD OF JUSTICE | 511 |
79 The Idea of Social Union | 518 |
80 The Problem of Envy | 528 |
81 Envy and Equality | 532 |
82 The Grounds for the Priority of Liberty | 539 |
83 Happiness and Dominant Ends | 546 |
84 Hedonism as a Method of Choice | 552 |
85 The Unity of the Self | 558 |
86 The Good of the Sense of Justice | 565 |
87 Concluding Remarks on Justification | 575 |
Index | 587 |