Feminism in Twentieth-Century Science, Technology, and MedicineAngela N. H. Creager, Elizabeth Lunbeck, Londa Schiebinger What useful changes has feminism brought to science? Feminists have enjoyed success in their efforts to open many fields to women as participants. But the effects of feminism have not been restricted to altering employment and professional opportunities for women. The essays in this volume explore how feminist theory has had a direct impact on research in the biological and social sciences, in medicine, and in technology, often providing the impetus for fundamentally changing the theoretical underpinnings and practices of such research. In archaeology, evidence of women's hunting activities suggested by spears found in women's graves is no longer dismissed; computer scientists have used feminist epistemologies for rethinking the human-interface problems of our growing reliance on computers. Attention to women's movements often tends to reinforce a presumption that feminism changes institutions through critique-from-without. This volume reveals the potent but not always visible transformations feminism has brought to science, technology, and medicine from within. Contributors: Ruth Schwartz Cowan Linda Marie Fedigan Scott Gilbert Evelynn M. Hammonds Evelyn Fox Keller Pamela E. Mack Michael S. Mahoney Emily Martin Ruth Oldenziel Nelly Oudshoorn Carroll Pursell Karen Rader Alison Wylie |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
SCIENCE | 23 |
Revisiting Women Gender and Feminism | 73 |
Feminist Movement | 98 |
TECHNOLOGY | 113 |
What Difference Has Feminism Made | 149 |
Feminism | 169 |
Medicine Technology and Gender in | 183 |
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activities American Anthropology archeology archeology of gender areas argue Arwen baboons behavior biologists C. H. Waddington Cambridge Chacmool computer science conference Conkey constructed consumers Consumption Junction contributions developmental biology difference feminism Donna Haraway early embryology ence engi Evelyn Fox Keller example Female Primates femi feminist critique feminist scholarship feminist science feminist theory field gender analysis gender and science genetics Gero groups Haraway history of technology Hrdy human Ibid important industry inventors issues Linda Marie Fedigan Londa Schiebinger male masculine McGaw medicine ment middle-class neering number of women organized perspective political practice practitioners primate primatology production professional programming question role Ruth Oldenziel Ruth Schwartz Cowan scholars scientific sexual shape social software engineering specific strategy technical Technology and Culture tion twentieth century University Press Waelsch women and gender women engineers women in engineering women scientists women's movement York