Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research |
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achieved analysis analysis of variance attitudes B₁ Campbell causal Class classroom comparison confounded CONTROL GROUP DESIGN correlation covariance Design 15 differences discussion educational research effect of X employed equivalent eral ex post facto experimental and control experimental control experimental design experimental effect experimental group experimental variable external factors gain hypothesis inference interaction effect internal validity interpretation interviewers involved Latin squares main effect matching maturation measures memory bias ment mental mental Psychology methods O₁ occasions occur panel study perimental persons plau plausible rival population possible posttest scores present pretest and posttest pretest scores pretest-posttest problem procedures Psychol psychology psychotherapy pupils quasi-experimental designs quasi-experiments random assignment randomly reactive arrangements regression relevant represent research on teaching rival hypotheses rx,o sampling settings shift sible social sources of invalidity specific statistical Table teachers ternal validity tests of significance time-series tion trol group true experiment usually