The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350 |
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agrarian agricultural Amalfi artisans barbarian age became Byzantine Byzantine Empire Byzantium capital Carolingian cash Catholic Europe cereals cities coins Commercial Revolution consumption contracts craft guilds craftsmen crops cultivated culture demographic early fourteenth early Middle Ages economic growth Economic History England entrepreneurs estates Europe expansion exported farmers farming feudal Flanders fourteenth century France Genoa Genoese German Greco-Roman Iberian peninsula increase Industrial Revolution investment Islamic Italian Italy Jews king labor land landowners large number larger late later less living loans lord Lübeck manor manorial medieval Mediterranean merchants military Muslim northern peasants period Phocaea plough political population production profits progress regions role Roman Empire Scandinavian seaports serfs share ships slaves soil southern tenth century territory textile thirteenth century tion towns trade transportation turn twelfth century urban usury Venetian Venice village water mill western wool Zaccaria