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abutments action advantage amount applied arch assumed beam bearing body bolts braces bridge cast iron centre chord connecting consequently considerable construction cost course cross cross section deflection described determined diagonals diameter direction distance economy effects equal estimate experience exposed extending feet figure foot force give given greater half Hence hole horizontal increase lateral length less load lower material maximum middle multiplied nearly necessary nodes oblique panels passing pieces plates portion positive practice present produced proportion rail receive reference regard represent resistance respectively rivets road secured seen shewn shews side space span square inch strain strength stress stringer structure sufficient supposed sustain tension thickness thrust timber tion track transverse truss upper uprights vertical weight whole wrought iron