Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, ConservationPigments, corrosion products, and minerals are usually considered separately, either as painting materials or as the deterioration products of metals, even though they are often the same compounds. This 190-year review of the literature on copper and its alloys integrates that information across a broad spectrum of interests that are all too frequently compartmentalized. The author discusses the various environmental conditions to which copper alloy objects may be exposed-including burial, outdoor, and indoor museum environments-and the methods used to conserve them. The book also includes information on ancient and historical technologies, the nature of patina as it pertains to copper and bronze, and the use of copper corrosion materials as pigments. Chapters are organized primarily by chemical corrosion products and include topics such as early technologies, copper chlorides and bronze disease, the chemistry and history of turquoise, Egyptian blue and other synthetic copper silicates, the organic salts of copper in bronze corrosion, and aspects of bronze patinas. A detailed survey of conservation treatments for bronze objects is also provided. Four appendixes cover copper and bronze chemistry, replication experiments for early pigment recipes, a list of copper minerals and corrosion products, and X-ray diffraction studies. |
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acid ancient antlerite areas atacamite azurite basic copper basic sulfates botallackite brass brochantite bronze objects burial century chalconatronite CHAPTER chemical chloride ions cleaning coating color compounds concentration connellite conservation copper acetate copper alloys COPPER CARBONATES copper chlorides copper II copper ions copper sulfate copper trihydroxychlorides CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENT corrosion crust corrosion of copper corrosion products corrosion rates crossed polars crystals cuprite cuprite layer cuprite patina cuprous chloride d-spacing deposition dissolved dynasty Egyptian blue example exposed bronzes exposure film formation glass glaze hydroxide ICDD identified laboratory malachite material metal surface mineral mixture Mohs hardness nantokite niello occur oxide oxygen paratacamite particles patina phase phosphate Photomicrograph pigment pollutants posnjakite Pourbaix diagram precipitate reaction recipe resinate result rosion salts sampleite samples sculpture seawater showed shown in PLATE sodium soil solution sulfide sulfur dioxide synthetic tenorite tion treatment turquoise verdigris vinegar X-ray diffraction zinc