ILCA Research Report: Livestock Water Needs in Pastoral Africa in Relation to Climate and Forage |
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3-day watering ambient temperature animal areas body temperature body water pool body water turnover bodyweight boma Boran cattle Bos taurus breeds budget and water C.R. Field camel coat daily energy budget daily water dehydration diet digestibility donkey drinking water drought dry season eland environment equation evaporative cooling example feeding Figure Finch and King food intake forage intake Forage moisture heat production heat stress herbivore herd humid ILCA increase Kenya lactation livestock liveweight Macfarlane maintenance metabolic rate milk yield moisture content N'Dama oryx panting protein rainfall reduced Rendille respiratory ruminant Schmidt-Nielsen sensible heat sheep and goats skin Small East African smallstock solar radiation Source species sub-Saharan Africa sweating Table TBWT thermoregulation tion tissue total body water tritiated water tropical ungulates unpublished water cost water intake water loss water requirements water turnover rate watering point watering regime weight zebu cattle zebu cow