Foundations of Psychological Research: Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement |
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05 level actual approximately assigned behavior cent Chap Chapter column computed concerning confidence limits considered corresponding critical values curve degrees of freedom described determine difference distribution of X effective excitatory tendency equal equation error estimate example experimental Figure follows given greater hypothesis being tested hypothetical illustrated independent samples individual interval investigator level of significance mean and variance measurement method normal distribution noted null hypothesis number of degrees observed value one-sided test outcome paired observations percentile population sampled possible values probability distribution problem procedure proportion psychological continuum R₁ random sample random variable ranks relationship represented response sampling distribution scale values sensory-perceptual events specified standard deviation standard scores statistic subjects Substituting in Formula test the hypothesis tested under Treatment theoretical frequency theory tion total number trials Type I error value of x2 values of X variation verbal X₁ zero