stowing too many heights without an intervening platform or 'twixt decks. From Bengal, Goods also are frequently damaged by Castor Oil.

5.-TEA, and FLOUR in barrels ; FLAX, CLOVER, and LINSEED, or RICE in tierces; COFFEE and COCOA in bags, should always have 9 inches at least, of good dunnage in the bottom, and 14 to the upper part of the bilges, with 2 inches at the sides; allowed to stow six heights of tierces and eight heights of barrels. All Ships above 600 tons should have 'twixt decks or platforms laid for these Cargoes, to ease the pressure-caulked 'twixt decks should have scuppers in the sides, and 2 inches of dunnage laid athwart ship, and not fore-and-aft ways, when in Bags or Sacks; and when in Boxes or Casks not less than 1 inch. RICE from Calcutta is not unfrequently damaged by Indigo, for want of care in stowing.

6.-Entire Cargoes of SUGAR, SALTPETRE, and GUANO, in bags, must have the dunnage carefully attended to, as laid down for other goods. TIMBER Ships are better without 'twixt decks if loading all Timber or Deals. Brown Sugar to be kept separate from white Sugar, and both kept from direct contact with Saltpetre.

7.-POT and PEARL ASHES, TOBACCO, BARK, INDIGO, MADDERS, GUM, &c., whether in Casks, Cases, or Bales, to be dunnaged in the bottom, and to the upper part of the bilges, at least 9 inches, and 2 inches at the sides.

8.—MISCELLANEOUS GOODS, such as Boxes of CHEESE, Kegs and Tubs of LARD, or other small or slight-made packages, not intended for broken stowage, should be stowed by themselves, and dunnaged as other goods.

9.-Barrels of PROVISIONS, and TALLOW Casks, allowed to stow six heights. All METALS should be stowed under, and separated from Goods liable to be damaged by contact.

10.-All MANUFACTURED GOODS, also DRY HIDES, Bales of SILK, or other valuable Articles, should have 2 inches of dunnage against the side, to preserve a water-course. Bundles of SHEET IRON, RODS, Pigs of COPPER cr IRON, or any rough hard substance, should not be allowed to come in contact with Bales or Bags, or any soft Packages liable to be chafed. When Mats can be procured they should be used at the sides for Silk, Tea, &c.

11.—TAR, TURPENTINE, Rosin, &c., to have Flat Beds of Wood under the qnarters, of an inch thick, and allowed to stow six heights.

12. Very frequent and serious loss falls on Merchants on the upper part of Cargoes, particularly in Vessels that bring Wheat, Corn, Tobacco, Oil Cake, &c., arising from vapour damage imbibed by Wheat, Flour, and other Goods stowed in the same vessel with Turpentine, or other strong scented articles: the shippers are to blame for such negligence, for not making due inquiry before shipping.

13.-Ships laden with full Cargoes of Coal, bound round Cape Horn, or Cape of Good Hope, to be provided with approved Ventilators as a preventive against ignition.

14.-No Vessel bound on any over-sea voyage, should on any account be loaded beyond that point of immersion which will present a clear side out of water, when upright, of three inches to every foot depth of hold, measured amidships, from the height of the deck at the side, to the water.

NOTE.-Shippers abroad, when they know that their cargoes will be stowed properly will give a preference, and at higher rates, to such Commanders of Ships as will undertake to guarantee the dunnage. The American Shipowners, in the stowage of mixed cargoes in large ships, have from experience, discovered what "pressure," Flour Barrels, Provision Casks, &c., will bear, and so avoid reclamations for damage if otherwise properly stowed; hence, in large Ships above 600 tons, with dimensions exceeding in length 4 times the beam, and 21 feet depth of hold, Orlop Decks will come into general use, so as to relieve the pressure, by dividing a Ship's hold like a warehouse into stories. A large Ship, called the Liverpool, which left New York in December, 1850, with an entire cargo of Flour, has never since been heard of; it is supposed the lower tiers of barrels gave way under the pressure, and the Cargo having got loose, shifted in a gale of wind and capsized the Vessel. Ships' Cargoes for insurance, will also become a matter of special agreement between Merchant and Shipowner, and Merchant and Underwriters, and the premium vary according to the dunnage agreement. The Stowage and Dunnage must stand A 1, and is often of more importance than the class of the Vessel, as experience has proved. When ships are chartered for a lump sum, the draft of water should be limited, as it not unfrequently happens that Brokers insert a clause that Coals are not to be considered as dead weight, in order to fill the Ship up in case of Goods falling short to make up the chartered Freight. All Packages, Bales, and Cases, not weighing more than 15 Cwt. to the cubic Ton measurement, are designated as Light Freight.

STOWAGE OF GRAIN CARGOES FROM CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES.

No ship exceeding 400 tons register can be entirely loaded with grain in bulk; and all exceeding 400 tons register may take two-thirds of the cargo grain in bulk, and one-third in bags, or rolling freight instead thereof. In the latter case, the grain in bulk should be stowed six inches, but not more above the beams, to allow for settling.

When ships take wheat, corn, &c., in bulk, it must be stowed in sections or "bins" (not to contain more than 12,000 bushels each), to be lined with thoroughly seasoned boards, grain tight, not less than 10 inches from the flat of the floor, and from 14 to 16 inches in the bilges, graduated to the sides, which must be clapboard lined to the deck. Care must be taken to preserve a water-course under the lining. Good shifting boards, secured to the stanchions, extending at least six feet downwards and fitted tight to the deck. The stanchions not to be removed, but firmly secured. No loose grain to be

stowed in the extreme ends, and no admixture of other goods. Pumps and masts cased and covered with mats or canvas, made thoroughly grain-tight, with sufficient space in the well to admit the passage of a man to the heels of the pumps, and access had to the same by means of a man-hole from the deck, or by a clear passage from the 'tween decks aft. Mats to be used for covering knees, keelsons, and stanchions, if required, but not for lining or covering the sides.

Grain, when stowed in bags, must be dunnaged not less than 10 inches on the floor, 14 to 16 inches in the bilges, 3 inches on sides up to the deck; between decks the dunnage must be laid thwart ships, at least 2 inches from the deck. Shifting plank extending at least 4 feet from deck beams downwards, secured to stanchions. The dunnage in the hold must be entirely covered with boards and sails, or mats, grain-tight.

All bulk or loose grain must be taken in bins prepared for that purpose. For dunnaging deals are preferable to anything else. They should be laid fore and aft about 3 inches apart, the second tier over the spaces of the first tier, the third tier over the spaces of the second, and so on. Staves or other materials generally used for dunnage to be placed so as to give free course for the water to reach the pumps. The dunnage should be raised from 10 to 12 inches from the floor, and in the bilges from 14 to 16 inches, according to the build of the ship, and the discretion of the Inspector. Flat-floored, wall-sided ships should be fitted with bilge pumps.

The studs for the bulkheads should be made of three-inch deals, placed about two feet apart, and firmly secured at the top and bottom, and properly braced and cleeted on the lining and to the beams (or deck), to resist the pressure of the grain.

The studs for the bulkheads forward, and after bulkheads for ships not exceeding 10 feet depth of hold, must be 4 by 6 inches in size, and of one entire piece; of a greater depth than 16 feet, they must be 4 by 8 inches. They must be set 20 inches apart from centre to centre, firmly secured at the top and bottom, and properly braced and cleeted on the ceiling and deck, to resist the pressure of the grain.

The sides above the turn of the bilge must be lined on 1 inch battens after the manner of clapboarding

Shifting planks 2 inches thick must extend to the deck on each side of the stanchions, fitted tight under and between the beams and carlines, and extending not less than 6 feet downwards; care must be taken that the stanchions are well secured at both ends. In no case can single boards be substituted for plank, and the shifting-boards must be shored from sides, midway between the stanchions.

Materials for bins must be perfectly seasoned; unseasoned lumber must not be used where it will come in contact with the grain. Water-tanks, whether of wood or iron, must be cased with wood to prevent damage from

sweat or leakage. And all ships with grain in bulk ought to have feeders and ventilators.

It must be seen that the grain is well trimmed up between the beams, and the space between the beams completely filled.

When ships are chartered, the draught of water should be limited, and provision made for loading under inspection.

The load-draught must be regulated by the depth of the hold, allowing three inches to every foot depth of hold, measured from lowest line of sheer of deck amidships to the water, when upright. Ships having an additional deck put on after construction, the depth of hold to be measured from original deck.

Very frequent and serious loss falls on Merchants on the upper part of cargoes, particularly in ships that bring wheat, corn, tobacco, oil cake, &c., arising from vapour damage imbibed by wheat, flour, and other goods, stowed with turpentine, or other strong scented articles; the shippers are to blame for such negligence, for not making due inquiry before shipping.

Ships loading grain complying strictly with the above rules, lined and loaded under the supervision of the surveyor appointed by Lloyd's agent, will be entitled to a certificate to that effect.

CASKS should be stowed bung up and bilge free; upper tiers, bilge and cuntline.

Dry and perishable goods should be stowed in the after part of the ship.

In stowing Bales, see that they are on their flats in midship, and on their edges in the wings-thus, in case of leakage, the whole bale is not damaged.

All Cases, &c., with marks on them, should be stowed marks uppermost. Dunnage, especially, about the pump well and bilges, and in the wake of the channels.

Bar iron should be stowed fore and aft, as high as the keelson, then grating fashion, from the fore part of the after hatch to the after part of the fore hatch, and brought up in the form of a pyramid in midships— taking care to protect the sides in coming up; sometines a platform is required before the lower bars are laid fore and aft to the height of the keelson.

ACIDS, &c., must be stowed on deck, and on no account below, but in such a position that if there is any breakage, they can readily be cut adrift and thrown overboard.

REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA.

To come into operation on the 1st. June, 1863.

PRELIMINARY.

Art. 1. In the following Rules every Steam Ship which is under Sail and not under Steam is to be considered a Sailing Ship; and every Steam Ship which is under Steam, whether under Sail or not, is to be considered a Ship under Steam.

RULES CONCERNING LIGHTS.

Art. 2. Lights:-The Lights mentioned in the following Articles, numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and no others, shall be carried in all Weathers, from Sunset to Sunrise.

Art. 3. Lights for Steam Ships :-Seagoing Steam Ships when under way shall carry :—

(a.) At the Foremast Head, a bright White Light, so fixed as to show an uniform and unbroken Light over an Arc of the Horizon of 20 Points of the Compass; so fixed as to throw the Light 10 Points on each Side of the Ship, viz., from right ahead to 2 Points abaft the Beam on either Side; and of such a Character as to be visible on a dark Night, with a clear Atmosphere, at a Distance of at least Five Miles:

(b.) On the Starboard Side, a Green Light so constructed as to throw an uniform and unbroken Light over an Arc of the Horizon of 10 Points of the Compass; so fixed as to throw the Light from right ahead to 2 Points abaft the Beam on the Starboard Side; and of such a Character as to be visible on a dark Night, with a clear Atmosphere, at a Distance of at least Two Miles:

(c.) On the Port Side, a Red Light, so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken Light over an Arc of the Horizon of 10 Points of the Compass; so fixed as to throw the Light from right ahead to 2 Points abaft the Beam on the Port Side; and of such a Character, as to be visible on a dark Night, with a clear Atmosphere, at a Distance of at least Two Miles:

(d.) The said Green and Red Side Lights shall be fitted with inboard Screens, projecting at least Three Feet forward from the Light, so as to prevent these Lights from being seen across the Bow.

Art. 4. Lights for Steam Tugs:-Steam Ships, when towing other Ships, shall carry Two bright White Mast-head Lights vertically, in addition to their Side Lights, so as to distinguish them from other Steam Ships. Each