The Form of Information in Science: Analysis of an Immunology Sublanguage

Z. Harris, Michael Gottfried, Thomas Ryckman, Anne Daladier, Paul Mattick

Springer Science & Business Media, Dec 31, 1988 - Philosophy - 589 pages

DOES DISCOURSE HAVE A 'STRUCTURE'? HARRIS'S REVOLUTION IN LINGUISTICS As a freshman back in 1947 I discovered that within the various academic divisions and subdivisions of the University of Pennsylvania there existed a something (it was not a Department, but a piece of the Anthropology Department) called 'Linguistic Analysis'. I was an untalented but enthusiastic student of Greek and a slightly more talented student of German, as well as the son of a translator, so the idea of 'Linguistic Analysis' attracted me, sight unseen, and I signed up for a course. It turned out that 'Linguistic Analysis' was essentially a graduate program - I and another undergraduate called Noam Chomsky were the only two undergraduates who took courses in Linguistic Analysis - and also that it was essentially a one-man show: a professor named Zellig Harris taught all the courses with the aid of graduate Teaching Fellows (and possibly - I am not sure - one Assistant Professor). The technicalities of Linguistic Analysis were formidable, and I never did master them all. But the powerful intellect and personality of Zellig Harris drew me like a lodestone, and, although I majored in Philosophy, I took every course there was to take in Linguistic Analysis from then until my gradua tion. What 'Linguistics' was like before Zellig Harris is something not many people care to remember today.

Contents

• REDUCING TEXTS TO FORMULAS: 1
• 2 ANALYSIS OF WORD COMBINATIONS: 4
• 21 Grammatical analysis: 5
• 22 Sublanguage classes and sentence structures: 7
• 23 Sublanguage subclasses: 8
• 24 The tables: 10
• 25 Validity of the procedures: 11
• 3 DETAILS OF THE ANALYSIS: 12
• 32 Obtaining repeating types of sentences: 14
• 33 How much transformation?: 19
• 34 Summary of procedures of analysis: 23
• 35 Output: 24
• RESULT FORMULAS OF INFORMATION: 25
• 1 METASCIENCE SEGMENTS: 26
• 2 WORD CLASSES: 29
• 3 WORD SUBCLASSES: 34
• 4 WORD MODIFIERS AND LOCAL OPERATORS: 39
• 5 SUMMARY OF WORD CLASSES: 42
• 6 SENTENCE TYPES: 59
• 7 SENTENCE FORMULAS: 62
• FROM STRUCTURE TO INFORMATION: 64
• 12 Changes in word classes: 65
• 14 Critique of the sentencetypes: 67
• 2 FORMULABASED CRITIQUE OF INFORMATION: 68
• 3 SUBLANGUAGE PROPERTIES: 72
• 32 Discourse structure: 75
• 4 FURTHER WORK: 76
• 5 TOWARD THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE: 78
• SUBLANGUAGE FORMULAS AS INFORMATION UNITS: 85
• PROJECTION AND THE USE OF THE ARROW: 88
• 2 LOCAL OPERATOR MODIFIERS: 90
• 21 Modifiers of argument noun categories: 91
• 22 Referential superscripts: 92
• 23 Modifiers of operator categories: 93
• 3 THE CLASSIFIER RESPONSE: 95
• 4 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN W AND V OPERATORS: 98
• 5 SUBLANGUAGE HOMONYMITIES: 102
• 6 EXTENDING SUBLANGUAGE GRAMMAR: 104
• 7 INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND THE r OPERATOR: 106
• THE APPARATUS OF SUBLANGUAGE TRANSFORMATIONS: 112
• 1 A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF SUBLANGUAGE TRANSFORMATIONS: 113
• 2 RELINEARIZATION: 117
• 3 RECONSTRUCTION OF REPETITIONAL ZEROING: 121
• 31 Parallelzeroing and endzeroing: 122
• 4 RECONSTRUCTION OF LOWINFORMATION ZEROING: 123
• 42 Strong selection zeroing: 124
• 43 Constants: 127
• 44 Reconstruction of sublanguage appropriate zeroings: 128
• 5 RELATIVE CLAUSE: 132
• 51 Representation and reading in the tables: 133
• 52 Reductions associated with relative clause: 135
• 6 LARGER TRANSFORMATIONS: 137
• 62 Passive: 140
• 7 COMPARATIVE: 141
• 8 QUANTIFIERS AND THE NEGATIVE: 144
• 9 FURTHER REGULARIZATION: 145
• EXTENDING THE ANALYSIS THE INFORMATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE SCIENCE SENTENCES: 151
• 2 WORD CLASSES AND SENTENCE TYPES: 153
• 22 Quantity sentences: 156
• 23 Science fact relations: 159
• 24 Metascience operators and arguments: 162
• 3 CONCLUSIONS: 165
• INFORMATION UNITS IN A FRENCH CORPUS: 170
• 2 AN APPLICATIVE GRAMMAR OF INFORMATIONAL UNITS: 171
• 22 The contextual meaning of words in sentences is accounted for by deterministic categories in units: 172
• 23 The applicative status of categories and the applicative structure of units: 173
• 24 Applicative structure of a unit and linearizations: 174
• 3 USING THE GRAMMAR OF INFORMATIONAL UNITS AS A PATTERNMATCHER FOR A DIRECT RECOGNITION OF INFORMATIONAL ...: 176
• 32 Getting a list of categories from a surface sentence and matching a unit on it: 177
• 33 Recovering implicit information: 180
• PRODUCING SENTENCES OUT OF UNITS: 183
• 42 Organization of the dictionary of informational categories: 186
• 5 QUESTIONS WHICH ARE NOT FULLY TREATED HERE: 187
• 6 CONCLUSION AND APPLICATIONS OF THE METHOD PRESENTED HERE: 190
• THE CELLULAR SOURCE OF ANTIBODY A REVIEW: 192
• 2 EARLY OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON THE MACROPHAGE IN RELATION TO ANTIBODY FORMATION: 193
• 3 EARLY STUDIES ON THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES: 194
• 4 LYMPHOCYTE OR PLASMA CELL AS THE ANTIBODYSYNTHESIZING CELL: 196
• 6 EXTRACTION OF CELLS: 199
• 8 STUDIES INVOLVING AGGREGATION OF BACTERIAL CELLS AROUND TISSUE CELLS: 200
• 9 HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING FOR NUCLEIC ACID IN LYMPH NODES IN RELATION TO FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES: 201
• 10 FLUORESCENCE STAINING FOR ANTIBODY: 202
• 11 TRANSFER OF CELLS OF LYMPH NODES LYMPH AND SPLEEN: 203
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ANTIBODYPRODUCING CELLS: 206
• TABLES OF IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS ENGLISH: 217
• TABLES OF IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS FRENCH: 477
• NOTES TO THE TABLES OF THE ENGLISH ARTICLES: 521
• LIST OF SYMBOLS: 587

Bibliographic information

• Title: The Form of Information in Science: Analysis of an Immunology Sublanguage; Volume 104 of Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science
• Authors: Z. Harris, Michael Gottfried, Thomas Ryckman, Anne Daladier, Paul Mattick
• Edition: illustrated
• Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media, 1988
• ISBN: 9027725160, 9789027725165
• Length: 589 pages
• Subjects: Philosophy / General; Philosophy / History & Surveys / Modern; Philosophy / Movements / Pragmatism