Army Surveillance in America, 1775-1980Since the Revolution, Americans have debated what action the military should take toward civilians suspected of espionage, treason, or revolutionary activity. This important book--the first to present a comprehensive history of military surveillance in the United States--traces the evolution of America's internal security policy during the past two hundred years. Joan M. Jensen discusses how the federal government has used the army to intervene in domestic crises and how Americans have protested the violation of civil liberties and applied political pressure to limit military intervention in civil disputes. Although movements to expand and to constrain the military have each dominated during different periods in American history, says Jensen, the involvement of the army in internal security has increased steadily. Jensen describes a wide range of events and individuals connected to this process. These include Benedict Arnold's betrayal of West Point; the colonial wars in Cuba, where Lt. Andrew Rowan, the nation's first officer spy, won a medal for carrying a "Message for Garcia"; the development of "War Plans White" in the 1920s to guide the army's response in the event of domestic rebellion; the activities of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI in the 1950s and 1960s; the use of the National Guard in the South at the height of the civil rights movement; and the surveillance of and violence against protesters during the Vietnam War. Scrutinizing the historic workings of the American government at closer range than has ever been done before, Jensen creates a vivid picture of the growing invisible intelligence empire within the United States government and of the men who created it. |
Contents
The New Nation | 7 |
Domestic Law Enforcement | 24 |
An Officer and a Spy | 49 |
Spanish Spies and Cuban Insurgents | 72 |
Filipino Revolutionaries | 88 |
Bringing Intelligence Home | 111 |
Watching the Workers | 137 |
The Disloyal the ProGerman the Malcontent | 160 |
Common terms and phrases
activities Adjutant agencies agents Allan Pinkerton American American Protective League April army intelligence army surveillance arrested attorney Baker Bandholtz began Chicago Chief of Staff Christopher Pyle Churchill civil command Communist Congress Corps Area Counter Intelligence Corps counterespionage courts Cuba Cuban December defense Deman detectives domestic Edmund Leigh enemy enforcement espionage executive February federal files Filipinos force García groups Hoover Ibid intelligence officers internal security Japanese June Justice Department labor MacArthur Manila March McKinley Meiklejohn Memorandum for Chief Mexican Mexico MID officers military information military intelligence military surveillance National November October ordered organized peacetime Philippines Pinkerton Plan White plants political Posse Comitatus Act President radical regular army reports role Roosevelt Rowan Secret Service Secretary Secretary of War SNRC Spanish spies Stansbury strike subversion Taft thousand troops United volunteers War Department Washington Wilson workers York