Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological |
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acceleration angle arbitrary assume axes axis charge clock components Consider constant coordinate system corresponding cosmic cosmology curvature curved defined density derivatives diagram differential direction distance do² Doppler Doppler effect dr² ds² dx² dy² Einstein energy equivalent ether Euclidean event horizon example field equations Figure finite force formula four-acceleration four-force four-tensor four-vector four-velocity galaxies geodesic geometry given gravitational field Hint horizon inertial frame infinite isotropic length contraction light signal linear Lorentz Lorentz transformations Mach's principle Maxwell's theory metric Minkowski Minkowski diagram Minkowski space momentum motion Newton's theory Newtonian observer orbit orthogonal P₁ particle horizon photon physical plane potential prove radial radius relativistic rest frame rest mass result Riemannian rotation scalar Schwarzschild Schwarzschild metric Section space spacetime spatial special relativity speed sphere static surface symmetry tensor three-space timelike transformation universe vector velocity wave worldlines zero μν