Pest and Vector ControlAs ravagers of crops and carriers of diseases affecting plants, humans and animals, insects present a challenge to a growing human population. In Pest and Vector Control, H.F. van Emden and Mike Service describe the available options for meeting this challenge, discussing their relative advantages, disadvantages and future potential. Methods such as chemical and biological control, host tolerance and resistance are discussed, intergrating--often for the first time--information and experience from the agricultural and medical/veterinary fields. Chemical control is seen as a major component of insect control, both now and in the future, but this is balanced with an extensive account of associated problems, especially the development of pesticide-tolerant populations. The authors are leading authorities in their respective fields and two of the best known entomologists of their generation. |
Contents
Man and insects | 1 |
Pests and vectors | 8 |
Categories of pests and vectors | 9 |
Agricultural practices and disease | 20 |
Beneficial impacts of insects | 24 |
The causes of pest and vectored disease outbreaks | 31 |
Factors affecting the abundance of insects | 32 |
Epidemic situations | 40 |
Genetic control | 190 |
Sterileinsect release technique | 191 |
Chromosomal translocations | 196 |
Hybrid sterility | 197 |
Competitive displacement | 198 |
Cytoplasmic incompatibility | 199 |
Genetic manipulation of insects | 201 |
Pheromones | 204 |
Insecticides and their formulation | 52 |
The industrial development of new insecticides | 53 |
The main groups of insecticides | 58 |
Formulations | 72 |
Application of insecticides | 77 |
Spray application to the targetsurface | 78 |
Application of solids | 93 |
Special forms of application of insecticide | 94 |
Deposits and residues | 104 |
Problems with insecticides | 107 |
malaria eradication | 108 |
Toxicity to humans | 110 |
Effects on wildlife | 112 |
Nature fights back | 114 |
The resistance race | 121 |
The other road | 122 |
Environmentalcultural control | 123 |
Sources of environmentalcultural control | 125 |
Conclusions | 145 |
Biological control | 147 |
Advantages of biological control | 149 |
Disadvantages of biological control | 151 |
The range of animal biological control agents | 153 |
The techniques of biological control | 158 |
Some examples of successful biological control | 167 |
Principal reasons for the failure of biological control | 172 |
Is biological control natural? | 174 |
Insect pathogens | 177 |
Advantages of pathogens | 178 |
Disadvantages of pathogens | 179 |
Types of pathogens used in pest control | 181 |
Conclusions | 189 |
Use of pheromones for monitoring pest populations | 207 |
Use of pheromones for trappingout pest populations lure and kill | 208 |
The pheromone confusion technique | 210 |
Oviposition deterrent pheromones | 213 |
Distribution of pheromone usage | 214 |
Plant and host resistance | 215 |
Sources of variation | 217 |
Location of sources for resistance | 219 |
The classification of resistance | 220 |
Mechanisms of plant resistance | 221 |
The problems of using plant resistance | 231 |
Vertebrate host resistance | 237 |
Other control methods and related topics | 242 |
Behaviourmodifying chemicals other than mentioned elsewhere | 253 |
Legislative controls | 257 |
Other topics | 261 |
Pest and vector management | 271 |
The classic examples of insecticide failure on crops in the 1950s | 272 |
The integrated control concept | 275 |
Concepts of pest and vector management | 277 |
The procedure of integrated control | 278 |
The fate of the integrated control concept in respect of crops | 302 |
crop pests | 303 |
medical and veterinary pests | 304 |
Control versus eradication | 306 |
Pest management packages | 307 |
Modelling medical and veterinary pest populations | 315 |
Conclusions | 316 |
Appendix of names of some chemicals and microbials used as pesticides | 320 |
| 325 | |
| 328 | |
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Common terms and phrases
adult Aedes aegypti Africa agricultural animals Anopheles aphid application areas arthropods attack attractive Bacillus thuringiensis beetle biological control agents bollworm breeding caterpillars cattle cause cereal Chapter chemical chemosterilants compounds control measures cotton countries crop pests damage Delia radicum density dose droplet drops effective eggs environmental epidemic eradication example farmers feeding females field formulation gene genetic glasshouses growers habitats host human important increase insecticides insects integrated control introduced ivermectin kill ladybirds larvae leaf leafhopper livestock malaria million mites mosquitoes moth natural enemies nematodes nozzle numbers Onchocerciasis organisms organochlorines organophosphates outbreaks parasites parasitoids pathogens pest control pest management pest population pest problems pesticide pests and vectors pheromone plant resistance potential predators prey produced pyrethroids reduced release residues rice screwworm selection simuliid soil species spraying sterile male surface target technique ticks toxic toxin traps tropical tsetse flies usually varieties vector control vectors veterinary pests virus whitefly