Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for Energy: A Synthesis with Focus on the Baltic and Nordic RegionDominik Röser, Antti Asikainen, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Inge Stupak From time immemorial, firewood has been a very important source of energy for mankind. Later in history, wood for energy decreased its importance because of other more convenient and cheaper sources, mainly fossil fuels. Today, focus is again on use of forests as a producer of energy with main drivers being climate change, shortage and increasing prices of fossil fuel sources, and safety in energy supplies. However, intensive use of forest biomass is qu- tioned since fundamental ecological processes may be influenced negatively thus making up a trade-off with the benefits of using an otherwise sustainable source of energy. In this book, selected aspects of intensive use of forest b- mass for energy is treated with main focus on ecological aspects like maintenance of soil fertility, recycling of the combustion ash, inf- ence on biodiversity and pests, and economical aspects both at forest owners level and for society. Another focus point is the implemen- tion of this knowledge into decision support, recommendations and guidelines. The geographical scope is mainly the Nordic and Baltic region. The EU-financed project “Wood for Energy, - a contribution to the development of sustainable forest Management” (WOOD-EN- 1 MAN) , make up the frame for the book. Seven partners participated in the project: Forest & Landscape Denmark, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Lithuanian Forest Research Institute, Latvian State Forestry Research Institute, and Estonian University of Life Sciences with Forest & Landscape Denmark as coordinator. |
Contents
1 | 7 |
EFFECTS OF VERY INTENSIVE FOREST BIOMASS | 29 |
WOOD ASH RECYCLING POSSIBILITIES | 79 |
INSECT PESTS AND FOREST BIOMASS | 109 |
7 | 121 |
THE EFFECTS OF FOREST BIOMASS HARVESTING | 129 |
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Common terms and phrases
areas Asikainen Baltic countries bark beetle base cations biodiversity bioenergy biofuels biomass biomass for energy Board of Forestry calcium chalcographus chips clear-cuts coarse wood colonised compensation fertilisation costs Danish dead wood decrease Denmark density deposition district heating Ecology and Management economic effects of wood Egnell EnerTree environmental Estonia fertilisation fertility Finland Finnish forest biomass Forest Ecology forest ecosystems forest energy forest fuel extraction forest management Forest Research Institute forest soils fungi growth Hakkila increase insects intensive harvesting Jonsell Journal of Forest Koistinen & Äijälä Latvia leaching Lithuania living trees logging residues Moilanen needles nitrogen Nordic and Baltic Nordic countries Norway spruce nutrient nutrient removals peatlands phosphorus piles pine weevil plants private forest owners recommendations region risk Röser roundwood Saarsalmi saproxylic Scots pine Silfverberg Skogsstyrelsen Springer Science+Business Media spruce bark beetle stem sustainable Sweden Swedish Swedish University thinnings tion tree species utilisation whole-tree harvesting wood ash recycling woodfuel