Apple of Discord: The "Hungarian Factor" in Austro-Serbian Relations, 1867-1881When seeking the origins of World War I, the chain of events in the late nineteenth century that led to the breakdown of relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia and facilitated the rise of an aggressive Serbian nationalism needs to be understood. This book focuses on the hitherto unexplored Hungarian influence on the Habsburg Monarchy's policy toward Serbia after the 1867 Ausgleich, and it argues that this early period was critical in shaping policy after 1871, down to the imposition on Serbia in 1881 of a system of economic and political control.The Ausgleich, the Austro-Hungarian compromise that reconstituted the Empire as a dual monarchy, gave Hungary a limited voice in foreign affairs; and it was at the request of the Hungarian premier, Count Gyula Andrássy, that the young politician Benjámin Kállay was appointed representative at Belgrade in 1868. Both men were obsessed with the threat posed by Russia and particularly concerned that Serbia might be used as a stalking horse for Russian influence among the Monarchy's South Slavs. They pursued a shadow policy designed to draw Serbia firmly into the Monarchy's sphere of influence, which contradicted that of the foreign minister, Count Beust, and resulted in a serious deterioration in relations with Serbia by 1871. After 1871 Andrássy, as foreign minister, laid the foundations for a more explicit control of Serbia; Kállay, as a senior diplomat, negotiated the treaties that, by 1881, locked Serbia into satellite status for a generation. Through detailed archival research in multiple languages and a painstaking reconstruction of diplomatic events, Armour illuminates a crucial period in Central European history, showing how the origins of a war that claimed millions of lives can be traced to political maneuverings almost fifty years before. |
Contents
| 1 | |
Austria Hungary and Serbia in 1867 | 19 |
Kállay Goes to Belgrade | 55 |
The Obrenović Assassination | 77 |
The Karađorđević Prosecution 186870 | 101 |
The Bosnian Question 186870 | 121 |
Managing the South Slavs | 155 |
Effect of the FrancoPrussian War | 175 |
The Bosnian Question Revisited 187071 | 197 |
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Common terms and phrases
affairs Alexander Karađorđević alliance Andrássy and Kállay Andrássy to Kállay Andrássy’s Ausgleich Austria Austria-Hungary Austro-Hungarian Balkans Belgrade Béni Beust Bismarck Blaznavac Bosnia Bosnia-Hercegovina Bosnian plan Bosnian question Bosnian scheme Budapest consul Croatia Croats Diószegi diplomatic Dnevnik Emperor foreign minister foreign policy Francis Joseph Garašanin government’s Habsburg Monarchy Haymerle Hercegovina HHSA Hungarian Hungarian government Hungary Hungary’s Ibid Ilija Garašanin interests Istorijski Jakšić Jovan Ristić Jovanović Julius Andrássy July June Kál Kállay Diary Kállay to Andrássy Kállay to Beust Kállay’s Karađorđević Krstić Liberalism Miletić Military Border ministry Modern Serbia Monarchy’s nationalist negotiations Obrenović Orešković Österreich-Ungarns Österreich-Ungarns Werben OSZK Ottoman Empire Pest Petrović Petrovich policy toward Serbia Politics as Development powers Prince Michael Prince Milan Prokesch-Osten to Beust quoted Radenić Rosen Russia Sadowa to Sarajevo Sept Serbia Serbian government Serbs Skupština South Slav Spoljna politika Srbije Stokes Strossmayer Svetozar Miletić tion Vienna Vučković Werben um Serbien